Editing Urdu (section)

=== Origins ===
Urdu, like [[Hindi]], is a form of [[Hindustani language]].<ref>Dua, Hans R. (1992). Hindi-Urdu is a pluricentric language. In M. G. Clyne (Ed.), ''Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. {{ISBN|3-11-012855-1}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kachru|first=Yamuna|title=Hindi-Urdu-Hindustani|url=http://bookfi.org/dl/1463145/e4994d|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124071450/http://bookfi.org/dl/1463145/e4994d|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2020|page=82|year=2008|editor=Braj Kachru|series=Language in South Asia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78653-9|author-link=Yamuna Kachru|editor2=Yamuna Kachru|editor3=S. N. Sridhar}}</ref><ref name="Qalamdaar20102">{{cite web|url=http://www.hamariboli.com/p/hamari-history.html|title=Hamari History|last1=Qalamdaar|first1=Azad|date=27 December 2010|publisher=Hamari Boli Foundation|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227221213/http://www.hamariboli.com/p/hamari-history.html|archive-date=27 December 2010|quote=Historically, Hindustani developed in the post-12th century period under the impact of the incoming Afghans and Turks as a linguistic modus vivendi from the sub-regional apabhramshas of north-western India. Its first major folk poet was the great Persian master, Amir Khusrau (1253–1325), who is known to have composed dohas (couplets) and riddles in the newly-formed speech, then called 'Hindavi'. Through the medieval time, this mixed speech was variously called by various speech sub-groups as 'Hindavi', 'Zaban-e-Hind', 'Hindi', 'Zaban-e-Dehli', 'Rekhta', 'Gujarii. 'Dakkhani', 'Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla', 'Zaban-e-Urdu', or just 'Urdu'. By the late 11th century, the name 'Hindustani' was in vogue and had become the lingua franca for most of northern India. A sub-dialect called Khari Boli was spoken in and around the Delhi region at the start of the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was established. Khari Boli gradually became the prestige dialect of Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) and became the basis of modern Standard Hindi & Urdu.}}</ref> Some linguists have suggested that the earliest forms of Urdu evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) [[Apabhraṃśa]] register of the preceding [[Shauraseni language]], a [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan language]] that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>Schmidt, Ruth Laila. "1 Brief history and geography of Urdu 1.1 History and sociocultural position." The Indo-Aryan Languages 3 (2007): 286.</ref><ref>Malik, Shahbaz, Shareef Kunjahi, Mir Tanha Yousafi, Sanawar Chadhar, Alam Lohar, Abid Tamimi, Anwar Masood et al. "Census History of Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan."</ref> In the Delhi region of India the native language was [[Dehlavi dialect|Khariboli]], whose earliest form is known as [[Old Hindi]] (or Hindavi).<ref name="Taher1995">{{cite book |last1=Taher |first1=Mohamed |title=Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives |date=1994 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-524-9 |page=115 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mody2008">{{cite book |last1=Mody |first1=Sujata Sudhakar |title=Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 |date=2008 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |page=7 |language=en |quote=...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=English-Urdu Learner's Dictionary |date=6 March 2021 |publisher=Multi Linguis |isbn=978-1-005-94089-8 |language=English |quote=** History (Simplified) ** Proto-Indo European > Proto-Indo-Iranian > Proto-Indo-Aryan > Vedic Sanskrit > Classical Sanskrit > Sauraseni Prakrit > Sauraseni Apabhramsa > Old Hindi > Hindustani > Urdu}}</ref><ref name="Kesavan1997"/><ref name="Das2005">{{cite book |author1=[[Sisir Kumar Das]] |title=History of Indian Literature |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-7201-006-5 |page=142 |language=English |quote=The most important trend in the history of Hindi-Urdu is the process of Persianization on the one hand and that of Sanskritization on the other. Amrit Rai offers evidence to show that although the employment of Perso-Arabic script for the language which was akin to Hindi/Hindavi or old Hindi was the first step towards the establishment of the separate identity of Urdu, it was called Hindi for a long time. "The final and complete change-over to the new name took place after the content of the language had undergone a drastic change." He further observes: "In the light of the literature that has come down to us, for about six hundred years, the development of Hindi/Hindavi seems largely to substantiate the view of the basic unity of the two languages. Then, sometime in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the cleavage seems to have begun." Rai quotes from Sadiq, who points out how it became a "systematic policy of poets and scholars" of the eighteenth century to weed out, what they called and thought, "vulgar words." This weeding out meant "the elimination, along with some rough and unmusical plebian words, of a large number of Hindi words for the reason that to the people brought up in Persian traditions they appeared unfamiliar and vulgar." Sadiq concludes: hence the paradox that this crusade against Persian tyranny, instead of bringing Urdu close to the indigenous element, meant in reality a wider gulf between it and the popular speech. But what differentiated Urdu still more from the local dialects was a process of ceaseless importation from Persian. It may seem strange that Urdu writers in rebellion against Persian should decide to draw heavily on Persian vocabulary, idioms, forms, and sentiments. . . . Around 1875 in his word ''Urdu Sarf O Nahr'', however, he presented a balanced view pointing out that attempts of the Maulavis to Persianize and of the Pandits to Sanskritize the language were not only an error but against the natural laws of linguistic growth. The common man, he pointed out, used both Persian and Sanskrit words without any qualms;}}</ref> It belongs to the [[Western Hindi]] group of the Central Indo-Aryan languages.<ref name="Taj2">{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm|title=About Hindi-Urdu|last1=Taj|first1=Afroz|date=1997|publisher=[[The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm|archive-date=15 August 2009|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindiurduflagship.org/about/two-languages-or-one/|title=Two Languages or One?|work=hindiurduflagship.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311230741/http://hindiurduflagship.org/about/two-languages-or-one/|archive-date=11 March 2015|access-date=29 March 2015|quote=Hindi and Urdu developed from the "khari boli" dialect spoken in the Delhi region of northern India.}}</ref> The [[Hindu–Muslim unity|contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures]] during the period of [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquests in the Indian subcontinent]] (12th to 16th centuries) led to the development of Hindustani as a product of a composite [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]].<ref name="King">{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Christopher Rolland |title=One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India |date=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-565112-6 |page=67 |language=en|quote=Educated Muslims, for the most part supporters of Urdu, rejected the Hindu linguistic heritage and emphasized the joint Hindu-Muslim origins of Urdu.}}</ref><ref name="Dhulipala2000">{{cite book |last1=Dhulipala |first1=Venkat |title=The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |page=27 |language=en |quote=Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.}}</ref><ref name="Rekhta2020">{{cite web |title=Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en |publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]] |access-date=25 February 2020 |language=en |quote=The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country.  Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007">{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |last2=Cardona |first2=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |language=en |quote=The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritised registers many of these words are replaced by ''tatsama'' forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.}}</ref>

In cities such as Delhi, the ancient language Old Hindi began to acquire many [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani".<ref name="Kesavan1997">{{cite book |last1=Kesavan |first1=B. S. |title=History Of Printing And Publishing in India |date=1997 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-2120-0 |page=31 |language=en |quote=It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.}}</ref><ref name="Bhat2017">{{cite book |last1=Bhat |first1=M. Ashraf |title=The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6260-8 |language=en|page=72|quote=Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of ''Hindvi'' (also called 'early Urdu'), the parent of both modern Hindi and Urdu. It originated as a new, common language of Delhi, which has been called ''Hindavi'' or ''Dahlavi'' by Amir Khusrau. After the advent of the Mughals on the stage of Indian history, the ''Hindavi'' language enjoyed greater space and acceptance. Persian words and phrases came into vogue. The ''Hindavi'' of that period was known as ''Rekhta'', or Hindustani, and only later as Urdu. Perfect amity and tolerance between Hindus and Muslims tended to foster ''Rekhta'' or Urdu, which represented the principle of unity in diversity, thus marking a feature of Indian life at its best. The ordinary spoken version ('bazaar Urdu') was almost identical to the popularly spoken version of Hindi. Most prominent scholars in India hold the view that Urdu is neither a Muslim nor a Hindu language; it is an outcome of a multicultural and multi-religious encounter.}}</ref><ref name="Strnad2013">{{cite book |last1=Strnad |first1=Jaroslav |title=Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān |date=2013 |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-25489-3 |language=en |quote=Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending ''-a'' in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.}}</ref><ref name="From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History2">{{Cite book|url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf|title=From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History|last=Rahman|first=Tariq|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-906313-0|pages=1–22|author-link=Tariq Rahman|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Taj2" />  An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by [[Amir Khusrau]] in the late 13th century,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow|title=Amīr Khosrow - Indian poet|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10|title= Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|author= Jaswant Lal Mehta|volume= 1|page= 10|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year= 1980|isbn= 9788120706170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Mittra|first2=Sangh|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|isbn=9788179380222|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Urdu language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=19 June 2023 }}</ref> who has been called "the father of Urdu literature".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Vivek Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow |title=Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages |publisher=Sagar Publications |year=1982 |language=en}}</ref> After the conquest of the [[Deccan]], and a subsequent immigration of noble Muslim families into the south, a form of the language flourished in [[medieval India]] as a vehicle of poetry, (especially under the [[Bahmanids]]),<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8pMXAwAAQBAJ&dq=tughlaq+urdu+immigration+daulatabad&pg=PA258 |title= Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India |date= 2014 |publisher= Brill|isbn= 9789004264489 }}</ref> and is known as [[Dakhini]], which contains loanwords from [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="Khan2001">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Abdul Rashid |title=The All India Muslim Educational Conference: Its Contribution to the Cultural Development of Indian Muslims, 1886-1947 |date=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-579375-8 |page=152 |language=en |quote=After the conquest of the Deccan, Urdu received the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur. Consequently, Urdu borrowed words from the local language of Telugu and Marathi as well as from Sanskrit.}}</ref><ref name="Luniya1978">{{cite book |last1=Luniya |first1=Bhanwarlal Nathuram |title=Life and Culture in Medieval India |date=1978 |publisher=Kamal Prakashan |page=311 |language=en |quote=Under the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur, Urdu borrowed words from the local languages like Telugu and Marathi as well as from Sanskrit, but its themes were moulded on Persian models.}}</ref><ref name="Kesavan1985">{{cite book |last1=Kesavan |first1=Bellary Shamanna |title=History of Printing and Publishing in India: Origins of printing and publishing in the Hindi heartland |date=1985 |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=978-81-237-2120-0 |page=7 |language=en |quote=The Mohammedans of the Deccan thus called their Hindustani tongue Dakhani (Dakhini), Gujari or Bhaka (Bhakha) which was a symbol of their belonging to Muslim conquering and ruling group in the Deccan and South India where overwhelming number of Hindus spoke Marathi, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil.}}</ref>

From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century; the language now known as Urdu was called ''Hindi'',<ref name="From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History2" /> ''Hindavi'', ''Hindustani'',<ref name="Bhat2017" /> ''Dehlavi'',<ref name="From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History3">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1127464/|title=Literary Notes: Common misconceptions about Urdu|author=Rauf Parekh|date=25 August 2014|work=dawn.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001926/http://www.dawn.com/news/1127464|archive-date=25 January 2015|access-date=29 March 2015|quote=Urdu did not get its present name till late 18th Century and before that had had a number of different names – including Hindi, Hindvi, Hindustani, Dehlvi, Lahori, Dakkani, and even Moors – though it was born much earlier.}}</ref> ''Dihlawi'',<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xtAAAAMAAJ&q=abul+fazl+hind+sind |title= Sind Quarterly:Volume 26, Issues 1-2|date=1998 |author=Mazhar Yusuf |page=36 }}</ref> ''Lahori'',<ref name="From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History3"/> and ''Lashkari''.<ref>Malik, Muhammad Kamran, and Syed Mansoor Sarwar. "Named entity recognition system for postpositional languages: urdu as a case study." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 7.10 (2016): 141-147.</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] established Persian as its official language in India, a policy continued by the [[Mughal Empire]], which extended over most of northern [[South Asia]] from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented Persian influence on Hindustani.<ref>{{cite book|title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|year=1993|isbn=9789004097964|page=1024|language=en|quote=Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.}}</ref><ref name="Strnad2013" /> Urdu was patronised by the [[Nawab of Awadh]] and in [[Lucknow]], the language was refined, being not only spoken in the court, but by the common people in the city—both Hindus and Muslims; the city of Lucknow gave birth to Urdu prose literature, with a notable novel being ''[[Umrao Jaan Ada]]''.<ref name="Jasanoff2007">{{cite book |last1=Jasanoff |first1=Maya |title=Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850 |date=18 December 2007 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-42571-3 |language=en |quote=It was claimed that in Lucknow even everyday Urdu sppeech had been raised to its highest degree of perfection. "The masses and uneducated people" were said to "speak better Urdu than many poets...of other places," and outsiders were too intimidated to open their mouths. In the celebrated salons of Lucknow's noblewomen and courtesans, conversation flowed with such grace "it seemed as though 'flowers were dropping from their lips.'" Lucknow was buzzingly dynamic. In a self-conscious effort to echo the lost glory of Akbar's India, Asaf ud-Daula patronized writers, musicians, artists, craftsmen, and scholars on an imperial scale. Leading Urdu poets such as Mir Taqi Mir fled the crumbling Mughal capital and came to Lucknow instead, where they developed a distinctive style and school of poetry. Modern Urdu prose literature originated in Lucknow, and Persian, the language of status and learning, flourished. As a seat of Shiite scholarship, Lucknow rivaled the religious centers of Iran and eastern Iraq.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Not Just Urdu, But Lakhnawi Urdu |journal=Tornos |date=2014 |volume=8 |issue=6 |url=https://tornosindia.com/not-just-urdu-but-lakhnawi-urdu/ |quote=Urdu and that too Luckhnawi Urdu is a natural part of day to day conversation of the people of Lucknow, irrespective of their mother-tongue or their religion. A devout Hindu too in Lucknow would use this dialect without any in-habitations, while the grace and style of Urdu in Lucknow comes quite naturally to him as it would to a person of Muslim faith, all by virtue of being born and lived in Lucknow. Language of Lucknow was by all means superior to the languages of Delhi and Hyderabad that were other two seats of refinement, grace and style. Mirza Ghalib of Delhi could not resist the charm of Lucknow’s language and in spite of his refinements in language did accept being inferior to the refined dialect of Lucknow. After all what makes Lucknow’s language so very different? Difference between the Mughal culture and Awadhi culture lies in the fact that the royal dialect of the courts of Awadh came on the streets and in the lanes to evolve and flourish among the common subjects in Lucknow, while Mughal courts were like all other royal courts that had a difference in the culture and language of the courts and the common subjects.}}</ref>

[[File:Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg|thumb|Opening pages of the Urdu divan of [[Ghalib]], 1821]]
According to the Navadirul Alfaz by Khan-i Arzu, the "Zaban-e Urdu-e Shahi" [language of the Imperial Camp] had attained special importance in the time of [[Alamgir II|Alamgir]]".<ref>{{cite book|title= A House Divided: The Origin and Development of Hindi/Hindavi |author1= Am.rta Rāya |author2=Amrit Rai |author3=Amr̥tarāya |date= 1984 |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BJGBAAAAIAAJ&q=From+all+available+evidence+,+imperial+Urdu+seems+to+have+started+being+given+a+shape+in+the+time+of+Shahjahan+and+to+have+acquired+it+substantially+by+the+end+of+Aurangzeb%27s+reign+.+This |page= 240 |isbn= 978-0-19-561643-9 }}</ref> By the end of the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] in the early 1700s, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as ''Zaban-e-Urdu'',<ref name="Walter de Gruyter">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&pg=PA383|title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations|last=Clyne|first=Michael G.|date=1992|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110128550|pages=383|language=en}}</ref> a name derived from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] word ''ordu'' (army) or ''orda'' and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "''Zaban-i-Ordu''" means "''Language of High camps''"<ref name="Meaning of Urdu">{{Cite web |last=Dictionary |first=Rekhta |date=5 April 2022 |title=Meaning of Urdu |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-urdu |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=Rekhta dictionary}}</ref> or natively "''Lashkari Zaban''" means "''Language'' ''of'' ''Army''"<ref>{{cite book|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre|url-access=limited|author=Alyssa Ayres|page=[https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre/page/n32 19]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521519311|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> even though term  '''Urdu''' held different meanings at that time.<ref>{{cite web
 | title       = Urdu's origin: it's not a 'camp language' - Newspaper - DAWN.COM
 | url         = https://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdusorigin-its-not-a-camp-language
 | date        = 17 May 2023
| archive-url  = https://archive.today/20230517141136/https://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdusorigin-its-not-a-camp-language
 | archive-date = 17 May 2023 }}</ref> It is recorded that Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi, which was most likely Persianized, as there are substantial evidence that Hindvi was written in the Persian script in this period.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xOGJAAAAMAAJ&q=aurangzeb+hindi+language |title= Language Problem in India |page= 138 |publisher= Institute of Objective Studies |date= 1997 |isbn= 9788185220413 }}</ref>

During this time period Urdu was referred to as "Moors", which simply meant Muslim,<ref>{{cite book |quote= The "Moor" of Camoens, meaning simply "Moslem", was used by a past generation of Anglo-Indians, who called the Urdu or Hindustani dialect "the Moors"|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zGYCAAAAQAAJ&dq=moors+dialect+urdu&pg=PA573 |title= Camoens: his life and his Lusiads, a commentary: Volume 2|date= 1881 |author= sir Richard Francis Burton, Luis Vaz de Camoens |page= 573 |publisher= Oxford University }}</ref> by European writers.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&dq=british+moors+urdu&pg=PA1118 |title= Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary |author1= Henk W. Wagenaar |author2=S. S. Parikh |author3=D. F. Plukker |author4=R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten |date= 1993 |publisher= Allied Publishers |isbn= 9788186062104 }}</ref> John Ovington wrote in 1689:<ref>{{cite book |title= A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689 |page= 147 |date= 1994 |publisher= Asian Educational Services |author= John Ovington }}</ref>

<blockquote>The language of the Moors is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India but is obliged to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the ''Moors dialect'' is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore, in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from the Heathens, or from the Persians, or other Nations.</blockquote>

In 1715, a complete literary Diwan in Rekhta was written by [[Faaiz Dehlvi|Nawab Sadruddin Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Reign Of Muhammad Shah 1919-1748 |author= Zahiruddin Malik |date= 1977 |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131341/page/n397/mode/2up }}</ref> An Urdu-Persian dictionary was written by Khan-i Arzu in 1751 in the reign of [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eANAAAAYAAJ&q=Navadirul+Alfaz |title= Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft:Volume 119 |date=1969|author= Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft  |page=267 |publisher= Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner }}</ref> The name ''Urdu'' was first introduced by the poet [[Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi]] around 1780.<ref name="A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture Part 1">{{Citation|last=Faruqi|first=Shamsur Rahman|title=A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC|page=806|year=2003|editor=Sheldon Pollock|series=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions From South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|author-link=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi}}</ref><ref name="From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History2" /> As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings.<ref name="Coatsworth20152">{{Cite book|url=http://www.overstock.com/Books-Movies-Music-Games/Global-Connections-Politics-Exchange-and-Social-Life-in-World-History-Hardcover/9911619/product.html#more|title=Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History|last=Coatsworth|first=John|publisher=Cambridge Univ Pr|year=2015|isbn=9780521761062|location=United States|pages=159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tariq Rahman|author-link=Tariq Rahman|date=2011|title=Urdu as the Language of Education in British India|url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/1.%20URDU%20AS%20THE%20LANGUAGE,%20Tariq%20Rahman%20FINAL.pdf|journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture|publisher=NIHCR|volume=32|issue=2|pages=1–42}}</ref> While Urdu retained the grammar and core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the local Indian dialect Khariboli, it adopted the Perso-Arab writing system, written in the [[Nastaliq|Nastaleeq]] style.<ref name="Taj2" /><ref name="DelacyAhmed2005">{{cite book |last1=Delacy |first1=Richard |last2=Ahmed |first2=Shahara |title=Hindi, Urdu & Bengali |date=2005 |publisher=Lonely Planet |pages=11–12 |quote=Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh ''kitne'' kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.}}</ref> – which was developed as a style of Persian calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1977|isbn=0-521-29138-0|editor-last=Holt|editor-first=P. M.|location=Cambridge|page=723|editor-last2=Lambton|editor-first2=Ann K. S.|editor-last3=Lewis|editor-first3=Bernard}}</ref>