Editing Uralic languages (section)

== History of Uralic linguistics ==

===Early attestations===
The first plausible mention of a people speaking a Uralic language is in [[Tacitus]]'s ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' ({{Circa|98 AD}}),<ref>{{Cite book | editor-last = Anderson | editor-first = J.G.C.  | title = Germania | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1938 }}</ref> mentioning the ''[[Fenni]]'' (usually interpreted as referring to the [[Sámi people|Sámi]]) and two other possibly Uralic tribes living in the farthest reaches of Scandinavia. There are many possible earlier mentions, including the [[Iyrcae]] (perhaps related to Yugra) described by [[Herodotus]] living in what is now European Russia, and the [[Budini]], described by Herodotus as notably red-haired (a characteristic feature of the [[Udmurt people|Udmurts]]) and living in northeast Ukraine and/or adjacent parts of Russia. In the late 15th century, European scholars noted the resemblance of the names ''Hungaria'' and ''[[Yugra|Yugria]]'', the names of settlements east of the Ural. They assumed a connection but did not seek linguistic evidence.<ref name="Sebeok-2002">{{cite book |last=Sebeok |first=Thomas A. |title=Portrait Of Linguists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wxjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |date=15 August 2002 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-5874-1 |page=58 |oclc=956101732}}</ref>

===Uralic studies===
[[File:Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png|thumb|The Uralic/Siberian origin of Hungarians was long hypothesized by European scholars. Here, [[Sigismund von Herberstein]]'s 1549 map of [[Tsardom of Russia|Moscovia]] shows in the top right "[[Yugra]] from where the [[Hungarians]] originated" (''Iuhra inde Ungaroru[m] origo''), east of the [[Ob River]]. The Ural Mountains in the middle of the maps are labeled ''Montes dicti Cingulus Terræ'' ("The mountains called the Girdle of the Earth")]]

The affinity of Hungarian and Finnish was first proposed in the late 17th century. Three candidates can be credited for the discovery: the German scholar {{ill|Martin Fogel|de|Martin Fogel (Mediziner)}}, the Swedish scholar [[Georg Stiernhielm]], and the Swedish courtier [[Bengt Skytte]]. Fogel's unpublished study of the relationship, commissioned by [[Cosimo III]] of Tuscany, was clearly the most modern of these: he established several [[grammatical]] and [[Lexical analysis|lexical]] parallels between Finnish and Hungarian as well as Sámi. Stiernhielm commented on the similarities of Sámi, Estonian, and Finnish, and also on a few similar words between Finnish and Hungarian.{{sfn|Korhonen|1986|p=29}}{{sfn|Wickman|1988|pp=793–794}} These authors were the first to outline what was to become the classification of the Finno-Ugric, and later Uralic family. This proposal received some of its initial impetus from the fact that these languages, unlike most of the other languages spoken in Europe, are not part of what is now known as the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family. In 1717, the Swedish professor [[Olaus Rudbeckius, Jr.|Olof Rudbeck]] proposed about 100 etymologies connecting Finnish and Hungarian, of which about 40 are still considered valid.<ref name=":0" /> Several early reports comparing Finnish or Hungarian with Mordvin, Mari or Khanty were additionally collected by [[Gottfried Leibniz]] and edited by his assistant [[Johann Georg von Eckhart]].{{sfn|Korhonen|1986|pp=29–30}}

In 1730, [[Philip Johan von Strahlenberg]] published his book {{Lang|de|Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia}} (''The Northern and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia''), surveying the geography, peoples and languages of Russia. All the main groups of the Uralic languages were already identified here.{{sfn|Wickman|1988|pp=795–796}} Nonetheless, these relationships were not widely accepted. Hungarian intellectuals especially were not interested in the theory and preferred to assume connections with [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes, an attitude characterized by [[Merritt Ruhlen]] as due to "the wild unfettered [[Romanticism]] of the epoch".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the World's Languages|last=Ruhlen|first=Merritt|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1987|location=Stanford|pages=64–71|language=en|oclc=923421379}}</ref> Still, in spite of this hostile climate, the Hungarian [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[János Sajnovics]] traveled with [[Maximilian Hell]] to survey the alleged relationship between Hungarian and Sámi, while they were also on a mission to observe the [[Transit of Venus#1769 transit|1769 Venus transit]]. Sajnovics published his results in 1770, arguing for a relationship based on several grammatical features.{{sfn|Wickman|1988|pp=796–798}} In 1799, the Hungarian [[Sámuel Gyarmathi]] published the most complete work on Finno-Ugric to that date.{{sfn|Wickman|1988|p=798}}[[File:Uralic languages in the Russian Empire (1897).svg|upright=1.36|thumb|right|Uralic languages in the Russian Empire ([[Russian Empire census|Russian census of 1897]]; the census was not held in Finland because it was an autonomous area)]]

Up to the beginning of the 19th century, knowledge of the Uralic languages spoken in Russia had remained restricted to scanty observations by travelers. Already the Finnish historian [[Henrik Gabriel Porthan]] had stressed that further progress would require dedicated field missions.{{sfn|Korhonen|1986|p=32}} One of the first of these was undertaken by [[Anders Johan Sjögren]], who brought the [[Vepsians]] to general knowledge and elucidated in detail the relatedness of Finnish and Komi.{{sfn|Korhonen|1986|pp=44–46}} Still more extensive were the field research expeditions made in the 1840s by [[Matthias Castrén]] (1813–1852) and [[Antal Reguly]] (1819–1858), who focused especially on the Samoyedic and the [[Ob-Ugric languages]], respectively. Reguly's materials were worked on by the Hungarian linguist {{ill|Pál Hunfalvy|hu|Hunfalvy Pál}} (1810–1891) and German [[Josef Budenz]] (1836–1892), who both supported the Uralic affinity of Hungarian.{{sfn|Wickman|1988|pp=801–803}} Budenz was the first scholar to bring this result to popular consciousness in Hungary and to attempt a reconstruction of the Proto-Finno-Ugric grammar and lexicon.{{sfn|Wickman|1988|pp=803–804}} Another late-19th-century Hungarian contribution is that of {{ill|Ignácz Halász|hu|Halász Ignác}} (1855–1901), who published extensive comparative material of Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic in the 1890s,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ignácz|last=Halász|title=Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése|year=1893|journal=Nyelvtudományi Közlemények|volume=23|issue=1 |pages=14–34|url=http://www.nytud.hu/nyk/reg/023.pdf|language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Ignácz|last=Halász|title=Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése II|year=1893|journal=Nyelvtudományi Közlemények|volume=23|issue=3 |pages=260–278|url=http://www.nytud.hu/nyk/reg/023.pdf|language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Ignácz|last=Halász|title=Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése III|year=1893|journal=Nyelvtudományi Közlemények|volume=23|issue=4 |pages=436–447|url=http://www.nytud.hu/nyk/reg/023.pdf|language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Ignácz|last=Halász|title=Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése IV|year=1894|journal=Nyelvtudományi Közlemények|volume=24|issue=4 |pages=443–469|url=http://www.nytud.hu/nyk/reg/024.pdf|language=hu}}</ref> and whose work is at the base of today's wide acceptance of the inclusion of Samoyedic as a part of the Uralic family.<ref name="Szabo69">{{cite journal|last=Szabó|first=László|year=1969|title=Die Erforschung der Verhältnisses Finnougrisch–Samojedisch|journal=Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher|language=de|volume=41|pages=317–322}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], a chair for Finnish language and linguistics at the [[University of Helsinki]] was created in 1850, first held by Castrén.{{sfn|Wickman|1988|pp=799–800}}

In 1883, the [[Finno-Ugrian Society]] was founded in Helsinki on the proposal of [[Otto Donner]], which would lead to Helsinki overtaking St. Petersburg as the chief northern center of research of the Uralic languages.{{sfn|Korhonen|1986|p=49}} During the late 19th and early 20th century (until the separation of Finland from Russia following the [[Russian Revolution]]), the Society hired many scholars to survey the still less-known Uralic languages. Major researchers of this period included [[Heikki Paasonen (linguist)|Heikki Paasonen]] (studying especially the [[Mordvinic languages]]), [[Yrjö Wichmann]] (studying [[Permic languages|Permic]]), {{ill|Artturi Kannisto|fi}} ([[Mansi language|Mansi]]), Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen ([[Khanty language|Khanty]]), Toivo Lehtisalo ([[Nenets languages|Nenets]]), and [[Kai Donner]] ([[Kamassian language|Kamass]]).{{sfn|Wickman|1988|pp=810–811}} The vast amounts of data collected on these expeditions would provide over a century's worth of editing work for later generations of Finnish Uralicists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgr.fi/lexica/lexicaxxxv.html|title=Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXXV|work=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|language=hu}}</ref>