Editing University of Miami (section)

====Bowman Foster Ashe (1926 to 1952)====
{{Further|Bowman Foster Ashe}}
In 1925, the University of Miami was founded by a group of citizens who sought to offer "unique opportunities to develop [[Americas|inter-American]] studies, further creative work in the [[arts and letters]], and conduct teaching and research programs in [[Tropics|tropical]] studies", according to the university's founding charter.<ref name="umhist"/> They believed that a local university would benefit the [[Miami metropolitan area]] and were optimistic that the university would be a beneficiary of future financial support, especially since [[South Florida]] was benefiting from the historic [[Florida land boom of the 1920s|1920s land boom]].<ref name="umhist">{{cite web |url=http://www.miami.edu/index.php/about_us/achievements_and_traditions/history/|title=History|work=miami.edu|publisher=University of Miami|access-date=November 13, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218021352/http://www.miami.edu/index.php/about_us/achievements_and_traditions/history/|archive-date=February 18, 2010}}</ref> During this era of [[Jim Crow laws]], there were three large state-funded universities in Florida for white male students, white female students, and black students: the [[University of Florida]] in [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] and [[Florida State University]] and [[Florida A&M University]], both in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]. Like most private universities of the time, the University of Miami was founded as a [[mixed-sex education|coeducational institution]] but not yet open to Black students.

In 1925, [[George E. Merrick]], founder of [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], granted {{convert|160|acre|km2|1}} and nearly $5,000,000<ref>{{cite book |title=George Merrick's Coral Gables: Where Your 'Castles in Spain' Are Made Real |last=Parks |first=Arva Moore |year=2006 |publisher=Centennial Press |location=Indianapolis |isbn=0-9741589-6-8 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSSLfcREVV4C&pg=PA39 |access-date=December 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093127/http://books.google.com/books?id=LSSLfcREVV4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA39 |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> (${{Inflation|US|5|1925|r=1}} million, adjusted for current inflation) for the university's founding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmsf.org/rc/guides/1958-003.htm|title=A Guide to the George Merrick Papers|publisher=Historical Museum of Southern Florida|access-date=December 3, 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135247/http://www.hmsf.org/rc/guides/1958-003.htm|archive-date=July 17, 2011}}</ref> The contributions included land contracts and mortgages on real estate that had been sold in the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=The University of Miami |publisher=University of Miami Press |author=Tebeau, Charlton W. |year=1976 |location=Coral Gables, FL |page=19 |isbn=0-87024-297-0}}</ref> The university was formally chartered April 8, 1925<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ironarrow.miami.edu/history/index.html|title=History {{!}} Iron Arrow Honor Society {{!}} University of Miami|website=ironarrow.miami.edu|language=en|access-date=July 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707011139/http://ironarrow.miami.edu/history/index.html|archive-date=July 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> by the Circuit Court for Dade County.<ref name="bot">{{cite web|url=https://trustees.miami.edu/about-the-board/index.html|title=About the Board|website=Board of Trustees|publisher=University of Miami|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203224154/https://trustees.miami.edu/about-the-board/index.html|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> But by 1926, as the first class of 372 students enrolled at the new university,<ref name="mnhist">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NLMyAAAAIBAJ&dq=university-of-miami%20law-school&pg=4027%2C1109634|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904090933/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NLMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4OsFAAAAIBAJ&dq=university-of-miami%20law-school&pg=4027%2C1109634 |url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2015|title=10,000 University of Miami Students Attest to Growth of Sunshine School|date=April 23, 1950|page=44|work=Miami News|first=Grade|last=Berlow|access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref> the land boom had collapsed and hopes for a speedy recovery were dashed by the [[1926 Miami hurricane|Great Miami Hurricane of 1926]].<ref name="bb"/> For the next 15 years, the university struggled financially, bordering on insolvency. The first building on campus, now known as the Merrick Building, was left half built for over two decades due to the economic difficulties,<ref name="bb"/> requiring that classes be held off-campus at the nearby Anastasia Hotel in Coral Gables. Partitions separated the classrooms, giving the university the early but long since discarded nickname Cardboard College.<ref name="bb">{{cite web|url=http://www6.miami.edu/miami-magazine/fall01/boldbeginnigs.html|title=Bold Beginnings Bright Tomorrows|work=Miami |access-date=October 25, 2009|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522054105/http://www6.miami.edu/miami-magazine/fall01/boldbeginnigs.html|archive-date=May 22, 2010}}</ref><ref name="chron">{{cite web|url=http://scholar.library.miami.edu/umhistory/chronology.html|title=University of Miami History – Chronology 1920s|publisher=UM Library|access-date=November 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008113617/http://scholar.library.miami.edu/umhistory/chronology.html|archive-date=October 8, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19680228&id=6JAyAAAAIBAJ&pg=5377,3227826|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904090933/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19680228&id=6JAyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DOoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5377,3227826 |url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2015|title=Cardboard College No More|work=The Miami News |date=February 28, 1968|page=18A |access-date= February 5, 2010}}</ref>

In 1929, University of Miami founding member William E. Walsh and other members of the university's board of regents resigned following the widespread collapse of Florida's economy. The university's plight was so severe that students went door to door in Coral Gables collecting funds to keep it open.<ref name="chron"/> A reconstituted ten-member board chaired by the university's first president [[Bowman Foster Ashe]] included Merrick, [[David Fairchild]], [[James Cash Penney]], and others. In 1930, several faculty members and more than 60 students entered the University of Miami when the [[University of Havana]] closed amidst political unrest in [[Cuba]].<ref name="bb"/> While helpful to the University of Miami's early development, it still was not enough, and the university was forced to seek bankruptcy protection two years later, in 1932.<ref name="bb"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/12/11/archives/receiver-for-u-of-miami-federal-judge-names-board-member-to-handle.html|title=Receiver for U. of Miami.; Federal Judge Names Board Member to Handle Affairs|url-access=subscription|date=December 11, 1932|page=30|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140431/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/12/11/archives/receiver-for-u-of-miami-federal-judge-names-board-member-to-handle.html|archive-date=July 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The troubles, however, were short-lived. In July 1934, the University of Miami was reincorporated and a board of trustees was installed, replacing the board of regents. By 1940, community leaders were replacing faculty and administration as trustees.<ref name="bot"/> During Ashe's presidency, the university grew considerably, adding the [[University of Miami School of Law|School of Law]] (1928),<ref>{{cite news|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FVctAAAAIBAJ&dq=university-of-miami%20law-school&pg=5021%2C3910831|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904090933/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FVctAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6NcFAAAAIBAJ&dq=university-of-miami%20law-school&pg=5021%2C3910831 |url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2015|title=13 Law Students Will Get Degrees|work=Miami News|date=June 2, 1929 |page=8 |access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref> the School of Business (1929, renamed the [[Miami Herbert Business School]] in 2019), the School of Education (1929), the Graduate School (1941), the Marine Laboratory (1943, renamed the [[Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science]] in 2022), the School of Engineering (1947), and the [[Miller School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] (1952).<ref name="bb"/>

During [[World War II]], the University of Miami was one of only 131 colleges and universities nationally to participate in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]], which offered students a path to commissioning as a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] officer.<ref name="miami-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://scholar.library.miami.edu/umhistory/DisplaySubjects.php?subject_id=World+WarII |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902213539/http://scholar.library.miami.edu/umhistory/DisplaySubjects.php?subject_id=World+WarII |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 2, 2006 |title=World War II |publisher=[[Coral Gables, Florida]]: University of Miami |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011}}</ref>