Editing University of Chicago (section)

===Early years===
{{EB1911 poster|Chicago, University of|the founding and early years}}
In 1890, the [[American Baptist Churches USA|American Baptist Education Society]] incorporated a new University of Chicago as a [[Mixed-sex education|coeducational]]<ref name="goodspeed">{{cite book |last=Goodspeed |first=Thomas Wakefield |title=A History of the University of Chicago |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryunivers00goodgoog |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |year=1916 |isbn=0-226-30367-5}}</ref>{{rp|137}} institution, using $400,000 donated to the ABES to supplement a $600,000 donation from [[Standard Oil]] co-founder [[John D. Rockefeller]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago |url=https://archive.org/details/decennialpublic01chicgoog |journal=Science |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |volume=1 |issue=501 |year=1903 |page=498 |bibcode=1904Sci....20..187. |doi=10.1126/science.20.501.187}}</ref> and land donated by [[Marshall Field]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/about/history.shtml |url-status=live |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=May 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526175937/http://www.uchicago.edu/about/history.shtml |archive-date=May 26, 2011}}</ref> While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]] campus’ construction was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans such as [[Silas B. Cobb]], who provided the funds for the campus's first building, [[Cobb Lecture Hall]], and matched Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000. Other early benefactors included businessmen [[Charles L. Hutchinson]] (trustee, treasurer and donor of [[Hutchinson Commons]]), [[Martin A. Ryerson]] (president of the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory) [[Adolphus Clay Bartlett]] and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum, a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=The University of Chicago and its Donors, 1889–1930 |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/building/buildings.html |url-status=live |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=November 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109182601/http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/building/buildings.html |archive-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>

The new university acknowledged its predecessor.<ref name="frederick"/>  The university's coat of arms has a phoenix rising from the ashes, a reference to the fire and foreclosure of the Old University of Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/pdf/olduofc-0009-004.pdf |title=Old University of Chicago Records, Folder 4, Box 9, Special Collections, University of Chicago. |access-date=June 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051000/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/pdf/olduofc-0009-004.pdf |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> A single stone from the rubble of the original Douglas Hall on 34th Place was set into the wall of the Classics Building. The dean of the college and University of Chicago and professor of history John Boyer has argued that the University of Chicago has "a plausible genealogy as a pre–Civil War institution".<ref>John Boyer, ''The University of Chicago: A History'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 59.</ref> Alumni from the Old University of Chicago are recognized as alumni of the University of Chicago.<ref>John Boyer, ''The University of Chicago: A History'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 58–59.</ref>

[[William Rainey Harper]] became the university's president on July 1, 1891, and the Hyde Park campus opened for classes on October 1, 1892.<ref name="frederick">{{cite book | last=Rudolph | first=Frederick | title=The American College and University: A History | publisher=Knopf | year=1962 | page=351 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3se-H1Y_l7kC&pg=PA351 | isbn=978-0-8203-1284-2 | access-date=November 24, 2020 | archive-date=March 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308042336/https://books.google.com/books?id=3se-H1Y_l7kC&pg=PA351 | url-status=live }}</ref> Harper worked on building up the faculty and in two years had a faculty of 120, including eight former university or college presidents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dept.harpercollege.edu/library/archives/williamraineyharper.html |title=Harper College Archives – Wiliiam Rainey Harper |last=Firestein |first=Martin |website=Harper College Library Archives |access-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109055914/http://dept.harpercollege.edu/library/archives/williamraineyharper.html |archive-date=November 9, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harper was a [[Semiticist]] and a member of the Baptist clergy who believed that a great university should maintain the study of faith as a central focus.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://divinity.uchicago.edu/history-and-mission#sthash.FRbXtlNP.dpuf | title= History and Mission, The University of Chicago Divinity School | access-date= May 20, 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160607193124/http://divinity.uchicago.edu/history-and-mission#sthash.FRbXtlNP.dpuf | archive-date= June 7, 2016 | url-status= dead }}</ref> To fulfill this commitment, he brought the [[Baptists|Baptist]] seminary that had begun as an independent school "alongside" the Old University of Chicago and separated from the old school decades earlier to Morgan Park. This became the [[University of Chicago Divinity School|Divinity School]] in 1891, the first professional school at the University of Chicago.<ref name="goodspeed" />{{rp|20–22}}

In 1892, Harper recruited Yale baseball and football player [[Amos Alonzo Stagg]] from the [[YMCA|Young Men's Christian Association]] training school at [[Springfield College (Massachusetts)|Springfield]] to coach the school's football program.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Muscular Christianity|last=Ladd|first=Tony|publisher=Bridgepoint Books|year=1999|isbn=0-8010-5847-3|location=Grand Rapids, MI|pages=64–68|url=https://archive.org/details/muscularchristia0000ladd/page/65}}</ref> Stagg was given the position of associate professor in physical education, becoming the first football coach and athletic director in the university's history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youngstown Vindicator - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7zxfAAAAIBAJ&pg=3170,9073092 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=news.google.com}}</ref> While coaching at the university, Stagg invented the numbered football jersey and the huddle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reider |first=Bruce |date=April 2007 |title=The Grand Old Men |journal=[[The American Journal of Sports Medicine]] |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=529–530 |doi=10.1177/0363546507300231 |pmid=17413129 |s2cid=33296565 |via=Sage Journals}}</ref> Stagg is the namesake of the university's [[Stagg Field]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outdoor Athletic Complex |url=https://athletics.uchicago.edu/sports/2023/6/12/facilities-athletic-fields.aspx |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=University of Chicago |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Booth School of Business|business school]] was founded in 1898,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/history.aspx|title=Chicago Booth History|publisher=University of Chicago Booth School of Business|access-date=September 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602073840/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/history.aspx|archive-date=June 2, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[University of Chicago Law School|law school]] was founded in 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/school/history|title=History of the Law School|date=June 18, 2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Law School|access-date=September 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728070908/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/school/history|archive-date=July 28, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Harper died in 1906<ref>{{cite web|url=http://president.uchicago.edu/history/harper.shtml|title=History of the Office:William Rainey Harper|publisher=University of Chicago|access-date=September 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028122502/http://president.uchicago.edu/history/harper.shtml|archive-date=October 28, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://president.uchicago.edu/history/|title=History of the Office|publisher=University of Chicago|access-date=September 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912004333/http://president.uchicago.edu/history/|archive-date=September 12, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period, the [[Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa|Oriental Institute]] was founded to support and interpret [[archeological]] work in what was then called the Near East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/history/|title=A Brief History of the Oriental Institute|publisher=The Oriental Institute|quote=Since its establishment in 1919, the Oriental Institute (now known as the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa) has sponsored archaeological and survey expeditions in every country of the Near East.|access-date=September 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321210727/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/history/|archive-date=March 21, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1890s, the university, concerned that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: [[Des Moines College]], [[Kalamazoo College]], [[Butler University]], and [[Stetson University]]. In 1896, the university affiliated with [[Shimer College]] in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university, to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals, to make no faculty appointment without the university's approval, and to send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago. A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost; special instructors and lecturers without cost except for travel expenses; and a copy of every book and journal published by the [[University of Chicago Press]] at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program was ended by 1910.<ref>Gilbert Lycan, ''Stetson University: The First 100 Years at 70–72,'' pp. 165–185 (Stetson University Press, 1983)</ref>

In 1900, the university co-founded the [[Association of American Universities]] with thirteen other universities, including [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Columbia University|Columbia]], and [[Johns Hopkins University|John Hopkins]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AAU History |url=https://www.aau.edu/aau-history |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=Association of American Universities}}</ref>