Editing University of California (section)

===UC affiliates===
[[File:A Gary Anderson Hall, UCR (cropped2).JPG|thumb|right|The [[University of California Citrus Experiment Station|Citrus Experiment Station]], built in 1917, is the oldest building on the [[UC Riverside]] campus.]]
Section 8 of the Organic Act authorized the Board of Regents to affiliate the University of California with independent self-sustaining professional colleges.<ref name="Stadtman4">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/125 125–141] }}</ref><ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=srpAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA250 Cal. Stats., 17th sess., 1867–1868, ch. 244, § 8].</ref> "Affiliation" meant UC and its affiliates would "share the risk in launching new endeavors in education".<ref name="Stadtman4" /> The affiliates shared the prestige of the state university's brand, and UC agreed to award degrees in its own name to their graduates on the recommendation of their respective faculties, but the affiliates were otherwise managed independently by their own boards of trustees, charged their own tuition and fees, and maintained their own budgets separate from the UC budget.<ref name="Stadtman4" /> It was through the process of affiliation that UC was able to claim it had medical and law schools in San Francisco within a decade of its founding.<ref name="Stadtman4" />

In 1879, California adopted its second and [[California Constitution|current constitution]], which included unusually strong language to ensure UC's independence from the rest of the [[Government of California|state government]].<ref name="Grodin_Page243">{{cite book |last1=Grodin |first1=Joseph R. |last2=Shanske |first2=Darien |last3=Salerno |first3=Michael B. |author-link1=Joseph Grodin |title=The California State Constitution |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199988648 |page=243 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Yx2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415171641/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Yx2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CalConsArt9Sec9">[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%209.&article=IX Cal. Const. Art. IX, § 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720172737/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%209.&article=IX |date=July 20, 2020 }}.</ref> This had lasting consequences for the [[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco|Hastings College of the Law]], which had been separately chartered and affiliated in 1878 by an act of the state legislature at the behest of founder [[Serranus Clinton Hastings]].<ref name="BarnesPages447172">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas Garden |title=Hastings College of the Law: The First Century |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Hastings College of the Law Press |location=San Francisco |pages=44, 71–72 }}</ref> After a falling out with his own handpicked board of directors, the founder persuaded the state legislature in 1883 and 1885 to pass new laws to place his law school under the direct control of the Board of Regents.<ref name="BarnesPage7882">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas Garden |title=Hastings College of the Law: The First Century |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Hastings College of the Law Press |location=San Francisco |pages=78–82 }}</ref> In 1886, the [[Supreme Court of California]] declared those newer acts to be unconstitutional because the clause protecting UC's independence in the 1879 state constitution had stripped the state legislature of the ability to amend the 1878 act.<ref name="BarnesPage8485">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas Garden |title=Hastings College of the Law: The First Century |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Hastings College of the Law Press |location=San Francisco |pages=84–85 }}</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3HwWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA215 People v. Kewen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905061007/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HwWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA215#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=September 5, 2024 }}'', 69 Cal. 215, 10 P. 393 (1886).</ref> To this day, the College of the Law (which dropped Hastings from its name in 2023) remains a UC affiliate, maintains its own board of directors, and is not governed by the regents.<ref name="Stadtman4" /><ref name="BarnesPage8485" />
[[File:Animal Science Building, UC Davis (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[George Hart Hall|Hart Hall]] at [[UC Davis]], built in 1928, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.]]
In contrast, [[Toland Medical College]] (founded in 1864 and affiliated in 1873) and later, the dental, pharmacy, and nursing schools in San Francisco were affiliated with UC through written agreements, and not statutes invested with constitutional importance by court decisions.<ref name="Stadtman4" /> In the early 20th century, the Affiliated Colleges (as they came to be called) began to agree to submit to the regents' governance during the term of President [[Benjamin Ide Wheeler]], as the Board of Regents had come to recognize the problems inherent in the existence of independent entities that shared the UC brand but over which UC had no real control.<ref name="Stadtman4" /> While Hastings remained independent, the Affiliated Colleges were able to increasingly coordinate their operations with one another under the supervision of the UC president and regents, and evolved into the health sciences campus known today as the University of California, San Francisco.<ref name="Stadtman4" />