Editing Unbinilium (section)

===Synthesis attempts===
{{main|Isotopes of unbinilium}}

====Past====
Following their success in obtaining [[oganesson]] by the reaction between [[californium-249|<sup>249</sup>Cf]] and <sup>48</sup>Ca in 2006, the team at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) in [[Dubna]] started experiments in March–April 2007 to attempt to create unbinilium with a [[iron-58|<sup>58</sup>Fe]] beam and a [[plutonium-244|<sup>244</sup>Pu]] target.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.llnl.gov/str/April07/pdfs/04_07.4.pdf|title=A New Block on the Periodic Table |date=April 2007|publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|access-date=2008-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/plan/ptp-2007/e751004.htm |title=Synthesis of New Nuclei and Study of Nuclear Properties and Heavy-Ion Reaction Mechanisms |last1=Itkis |first1=M. G. |last2=Oganessian |first2=Yu. Ts. |date=2007 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> The attempt was unsuccessful,<ref name="Oganessian120">{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=79|issue=2|at=024603|date=2009 |title=Attempt to produce element 120 in the <sup>244</sup>Pu+<sup>58</sup>Fe reaction|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024603 |last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Yu. |display-authors=etal |bibcode=2009PhRvC..79b4603O}}</ref> and the Russian team planned to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.<ref name="Oganessian120" />

:{{nuclide|Pu|244}} + {{nuclide|Fe|58}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|302}}* → no atoms

In April 2007, the team at the [[GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] in [[Darmstadt]], Germany attempted to create unbinilium using a <sup>238</sup>[[uranium|U]] target and a <sup>64</sup>[[nickel|Ni]] beam:<ref name="GSI08" />

:{{nuclide|U|238}} + {{nuclide|Ni|64}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|302}}* → no atoms

No atoms were detected. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs in April–May 2007, January–March 2008, and September–October 2008, all with negative results, reaching a cross section limit of 90 fb.<ref name="GSI08">{{cite report|last=Hoffman|first=S.|display-authors=etal|title=Probing shell effects at ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;120 and ''N''&nbsp;=&nbsp;184|date=2008|publisher=GSI Scientific Report|page=131}}</ref>

In 2011, after upgrading their equipment to allow the use of more radioactive targets, scientists at the GSI attempted the rather asymmetrical fusion reaction:<ref name="Duellmann" />

:{{nuclide|Cm|248}} + {{nuclide|Cr|54}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|302}}* → no atoms

It was expected that the change in reaction would quintuple the probability of synthesizing unbinilium,<ref>{{cite web |title=Searching for the island of stability |author=GSI |website=www.gsi.de |date=5 April 2012 |publisher=GSI |url=https://www.gsi.de/de/work/forschung/nustarenna/nustarenna_divisions/she_physik/research/super_heavy_elements/future_projects.htm |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> as the yield of such reactions is strongly dependent on their asymmetry.{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} Although this reaction is less asymmetric than the <sup>249</sup>Cf+<sup>50</sup>Ti reaction, it also creates more neutron-rich unbinilium isotopes that should receive increased stability from their proximity to the shell closure at ''N'' = 184.<ref name="Hofmann2016" /> Three signals were observed in May 2011; a possible assignment to <sup>299</sup>Ubn and its daughters was considered,<ref name="EXON">{{cite conference |title=Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120 |display-authors=3 |first1=S. |last1=Hofmann |first2=S. |last2=Heinz |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Schneidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Pospiech |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |year=2016 |conference=Exotic Nuclei |editor1-first=Yu. E. |editor1-last=Peninozhkevich |editor2-first=Yu. G. |editor2-last=Sobolev |book-title=Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |pages=155–164 |isbn=9789813226555}}</ref> but could not be confirmed,<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite web |url=https://jphysplus.iop.org/2015/10/02/weighty-matters-sigurd-hofmann-on-the-heaviest-of-nuclei/ |title=Weighty matters: Sigurd Hofmann on the heaviest of nuclei |last1=Adcock |first1=Colin |date=2 October 2015 |website=JPhys+ |publisher=Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718025533/https://jphysplus.iop.org/2015/10/02/weighty-matters-sigurd-hofmann-on-the-heaviest-of-nuclei/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hofmann |first=Sigurd |date=August 2015 |title=Search for Isotopes of Element 120 on the Island of SHN |journal=Exotic Nuclei |pages=213–224 |doi=10.1142/9789814699464_0023|bibcode=2015exon.conf..213H |isbn=978-981-4699-45-7 }}</ref><ref name="Hofmann2016">{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Hofmann |first1=S. |last2=Heinz |first2=S. |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Scheidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Popiesch |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |date=2016 |title=Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=2016 |issue=52 |pages=180 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4|bibcode=2016EPJA...52..180H |s2cid=124362890 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304459935 }}</ref> and a different analysis suggested that what was observed was simply a random sequence of events.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heßberger |first1=F. P. |last2=Ackermann |first2=D. |date=2017 |title=Some critical remarks on a sequence of events interpreted to possibly originate from a decay chain of an element 120 isotope |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=53 |issue=123 |page=123 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2017-12307-5|bibcode=2017EPJA...53..123H |s2cid=125886824 }}</ref>

In August–October 2011, a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried a new, even more asymmetrical reaction:<ref name="Duellmann">{{cite web |last1=Düllmann |first1=C. E. |date=20 October 2011 |url=http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/7293741/superheavy-element-research-superheavy-element-research |title=Superheavy Element Research: News from GSI and Mainz |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Yakushev" />
:{{nuclide|Cf|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|299}}* → no atoms

Because of its asymmetry,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siwek-Wilczyńska |first1=K. |last2=Cap |first2=T. |last3=Wilczyński |first3=J. |date=April 2010 |title=How can one synthesize the element ''Z'' = 120? |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics E |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=500 |doi=10.1142/S021830131001490X|bibcode=2010IJMPE..19..500S }}</ref> the reaction between <sup>249</sup>Cf and <sup>50</sup>Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for synthesizing unbinilium, though it produces a less neutron-rich isotope of unbinilium than any other reaction studied. No unbinilium atoms were identified.<ref name="Yakushev">{{cite web |url=http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/&Yakushev.pdf |title=Superheavy Element Research at TASCA |last1=Yakushev |first1=A. |date=2012 |website=asrc.jaea.go.jp |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

This reaction was investigated again in April to September 2012 at the GSI. This experiment used a <sup>249</sup>Bk target and a <sup>50</sup>Ti beam to produce [[ununennium|element 119]], but since <sup>249</sup>Bk decays to <sup>249</sup>Cf with a half-life of about 327&nbsp;days, both elements 119 and 120 could be searched for simultaneously:
:{{nuclide|Bk|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Uue|299}}* → no atoms
:{{nuclide|Cf|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|299}}* → no atoms
Neither element 119 nor element 120 was observed.<ref name="search">{{cite journal |last1=Khuyagbaatar |first1=J. |last2=Yakushev |first2=A. |last3=Düllmann |first3=Ch. E. |first4=D. |last4=Ackermann |first5=L.-L. |last5=Andersson |first6=M. |last6=Asai |first7=M. |last7=Block |first8=R. A. |last8=Boll |first9=H. |last9=Brand |first10=D. M. |last10=Cox |first11=M. |last11=Dasgupta |first12=X. |last12=Derkx |first13=A. |last13=Di Nitto |first14=K. |last14=Eberhardt |first15=J. |last15=Even |first16=M. |last16=Evers |first17=C. |last17=Fahlander |first18=U. |last18=Forsberg |first19=J. M. |last19=Gates <!--there are even more--> |display-authors=3 |date=December 2020 |title=Search for elements 119 and 120 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=102 |issue=6 |page=064602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602 |bibcode=2020PhRvC.102f4602K |s2cid=229401931 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

====Planned====
The JINR's plans to investigate the <sup>249</sup>Cf+<sup>50</sup>Ti reaction in their new facility were disrupted by the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], after which collaboration between the JINR and other institutes completely ceased due to sanctions. Thus, <sup>249</sup>Cf could no longer be used as a target, as it would have to be produced at the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] (ORNL) in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/how-are-new-chemical-elements-born/ |title=How are new chemical elements born? |last1=Sokolova |first1=Svetlana |last2=Popeko |first2=Andrei |date=24 May 2021 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=JINR |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unistra.fr/unistra-news/research/in-search-of-element-120-in-the-periodic-table-of-elements |title=In search of element 120 in the periodic table of elements |last=Riegert |first=Marion |date=19 July 2021 |website=en.unistra.fr |publisher=[[University of Strasbourg]] |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=ft>{{cite news |last=Ahuja |first=Anjana |date=18 October 2023 |title=Even the periodic table must bow to the reality of war |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6b6b0afc-39b2-4955-af5a-d0ea6b4d8306 |work=Financial Times |location= |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> Instead, the <sup>248</sup>Cm+<sup>54</sup>Cr reaction will be used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/at-seminar-on-synthesis-of-element-120/ |title=At seminar on synthesis of element 120 |author=JINR |date=29 March 2022 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=JINR |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> In 2023, the director of the JINR, [[Grigory Trubnikov]], stated that he hoped that the experiments to synthesise element 120 will begin in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Anastasiya |date=31 May 2023 |language=ru |title="Большинство наших партнеров гораздо мудрее политиков" |trans-title="Most of our partners are much wiser than politicians" |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/characters/2023/05/31/977789-bolshinstvo-nashih-partnerov-mudree-politikov |work=[[Vedomosti]] |location= |access-date=15 August 2023 |quote=В этом году мы фактически завершаем подготовительную серию экспериментов по отладке всех режимов ускорителя и масс-спектрометров для синтеза 120-го элемента. Научились получать высокие интенсивности ускоренного хрома и титана. Научились детектировать сверхтяжелые одиночные атомы в реакциях с минимальным сечением. Теперь ждем, когда закончится наработка материала для мишени на реакторах и сепараторах у наших партнеров в «Росатоме» и в США: кюрий, берклий, калифорний. Надеюсь, что в 2025 г. мы полноценно приступим к синтезу 120-го элемента.}}</ref> In preparation for this, the JINR reported success in the <sup>238</sup>U+<sup>54</sup>Cr reaction in late 2023, making a new isotope of livermorium, [[livermorium-288|<sup>288</sup>Lv]]. This was an unexpectedly good result; the aim had been to experimentally determine the cross-section of a reaction with <sup>54</sup>Cr projectiles and prepare for the synthesis of element 120. It is the first successful reaction producing a superheavy element using an actinide target and a projectile heavier than <sup>48</sup>Ca.<ref name=Lv288>{{cite news |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |title=В ЛЯР ОИЯИ впервые в мире синтезирован ливерморий-288 |trans-title=Livermorium-288 was synthesized for the first time in the world at FLNR JINR |language=ru |date=23 October 2023 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

The team at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL) in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California]], United States plans to use the 88-inch cyclotron to make new elements using <sup>50</sup>Ti projectiles.<ref name=usprogram/> First, the <sup>244</sup>Pu+<sup>50</sup>Ti reaction was tested, successfully creating two atoms of <sup>290</sup>Lv in 2024. Since this was successful, an attempt to make element 120 in the <sup>249</sup>Cf+<sup>50</sup>Ti reaction is planned to begin in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2024/07/23/a-new-way-to-make-element-116-opens-the-door-to-heavier-atoms/ |title=A New Way to Make Element 116 Opens the Door to Heavier Atoms |last=Biron |first=Lauren |date=23 July 2024 |website=lbl.gov |publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |access-date=24 July 2024 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bourzac |first1=Katherine |date=23 July 2024 |title=Heaviest element yet within reach after major breakthrough |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02416-3 |journal=Nature |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-02416-3 |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Service |first=Robert F. |date=23 July 2024 |title=U.S. back in race to forge unknown, superheavy elements |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-back-race-forge-unknown-superheavy-elements |work=Science |location= |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> The [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL), which previously collaborated with the JINR, will collaborate with the LBNL on this project.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Felicity |date=15 August 2024 |title=How Japan Took the Lead in the Race to Discover Element 119 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |journal=ACS Central Science |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |access-date=13 September 2024|doi-access=free |pmc=11539895 }}</ref>

The team at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in [[Lanzhou]], which is operated by the [[Institute of Modern Physics]] (IMP) of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], also plans to synthesise elements 119 and 120. The reactions used will involve actinide targets (e.g. <sup>243</sup>Am, <sup>248</sup>Cm) and first-row transition metal projectiles (e.g. <sup>50</sup>Ti, <sup>51</sup>V, <sup>54</sup>Cr, <sup>55</sup>Mn).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Z. G. |last2=Huang |first2=W. X. |last3=Zhang |first3=Z. Y. |last4=Zhou |first4=X. H. |last5=Xu |first5=H. S. |date=2022 |title=Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS |url= |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=158 |pages= |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w |access-date=}}</ref>