Editing Uluru (section)

==History==
[[File:Uluru petroglyphs IV.jpg|thumb|[[Petroglyph]]s on Uluru]]

===Early settlement===
Archaeological findings to the east and west indicate that humans settled in the area more than 10,000 years ago.<ref name="abhistuluru">{{cite book |title=Uluru: An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock |first=Robert |last=Layton |edition=2001 revised |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |location=Canberra |date=August 2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRBblyNmZxUC |isbn=0-85575-202-5}}</ref>

===Arrival of Europeans (1870s)===
Europeans arrived in the Australian [[Western Desert cultural bloc|Western Desert]] in the 1870s. Uluru and Kata Tjuta were first mapped by Europeans in 1872 during the expeditionary period, which was made possible by the construction of the [[Australian Overland Telegraph Line]]. In separate expeditions, [[Ernest Giles]] and [[William Gosse (explorer)|William Gosse]] were the first European explorers to this area. While exploring the area in 1872, Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near [[Kings Canyon (Northern Territory)|Kings Canyon]] and called it Mount Olga, while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers' Rock, in honour of the [[Chief Secretary of South Australia]], Sir [[Henry Ayers]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for [[pastoralism]]. In the late 19th century, pastoralists attempted to establish themselves in areas adjoining the Southwestern/Petermann Reserve and interaction between Aṉangu and white people became more frequent and more violent. Due to the effects of grazing and drought, [[bush food]] stores became depleted. Competition for these resources created conflict between the two groups, resulting in more frequent police patrols. Later, during the [[Great Depression in Australia|depression in the 1930s]], Aṉangu became involved in [[dingo]] scalping with 'doggers' who introduced the Aṉangu to European foods and ways.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Aboriginal reserve (1920)===
Between 1918 and 1921, large adjoining areas of South Australia, Western Australia and the [[Northern Territory]] were declared as [[Aboriginal reserve]]s, government-run settlements where the Aboriginal people were forced to live. In 1920, part of Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park was declared an Aboriginal Reserve (commonly known as the South-Western or Petermann Reserve) by the Australian government under the ''[[Aboriginals Ordinance 1918]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the park|url=https://www.environment.gov.au/topics/national-parks/uluru-kata-tjuta-national-park/culture-and-history/history-park|access-date=6 July 2021|website=Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment}}</ref>
[[File:Rhondda_Tomlinson_002.tif|thumb|A tourist at the top of Uluru in 1969]]

===Tourism (1936–1960s)===
The first tourists arrived in the Uluru area in 1936. Permanent European settlement of the area began in the 1940s under Aboriginal welfare policy and to promote tourism at Uluru. This increased tourism prompted the formation of the first vehicular tracks in 1948 and tour bus services began early in the 1950s. In 1958, the area that would become the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park was excised from the Petermann Reserve; it was placed under the management of the Northern Territory Reserves Board and named the Ayers Rock–Mount Olga National Park. The first [[park ranger|ranger]] was Bill Harney, a well-recognised central Australian figure.<ref name="uktnppm"/> By 1959, the first motel leases had been granted and Eddie Connellan had constructed an airstrip close to the northern side of Uluru.<ref name="engovauhistory"/> Following a 1963 suggestion from the Northern Territory Reserves Board, a chain was laid to assist tourists in climbing the landmark.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-26/tourism-pioneer-who-laid-the-chain-at-uluru-peter-severin/11635676 Tourism pioneer Peter Severin laid the chain up Uluru. He predicts it will return] ''ABC News'', 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</ref> The chain was removed in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-13 |title=Unchained Uluru may take 'thousands of years' to return to its natural state |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-13/uluru-chains-removed-after-climb-closed/11700178 |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref>

===Aboriginal ownership since 1985===
On 26 October 1985, the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara people, with a condition that the Aṉangu would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife agency for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed. An agreement originally made between the community and Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]] that the climb to the top by tourists would be stopped was later{{When?|date=November 2024}} broken.<ref name="Toyne1984">{{cite book |title=Growing Up the Country: The Pitjantjatjara Struggle for Their Land |publisher=McPhee Gribble |location=[[Fitzroy, Victoria]] |year=1984 |first1=Phillip |last1=Toyne |first2=Daniel |last2=Vachon |page=137 |isbn=0-14-007641-7 |oclc=12611425}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/uluru-from-all-angles-the-modern-controversy-of-climbing-the-sacred/ |title=Uluru from All Angles: The Modern Controversy of Climbing the Sacred |work=Indigenous Religious Traditions |publisher=Colorado College |first=Lucy |last=Gamble |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604141558/http://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/uluru-from-all-angles-the-modern-controversy-of-climbing-the-sacred/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Journey to handback | website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies | date=7 October 2015 | url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/exhibitions/journey-handback | access-date=19 August 2020 | archive-date=19 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919224117/https://aiatsis.gov.au/exhibitions/journey-handback | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Handback | website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies | date=7 October 2015 | url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/exhibitions/handback | access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229191100/https://aiatsis.gov.au/exhibitions/handback |archive-date=29 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Aboriginal community of [[Mutitjulu]], with a population of approximately 300, is located near the eastern end of Uluru. From Uluru it is {{cvt|17|km|0}} by road to the tourist town of [[Yulara, Northern Territory|Yulara]], population 3,000, which is situated just outside the national park.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

On 8 October 2009, the Talinguru Nyakuntjaku viewing area opened to public visitation. The {{AUD|21 million|link=yes}} project about {{cvt|3|km}} on the east side of Uluru involved design and construction supervision by the Aṉangu traditional owners of {{cvt|11|km}} of roads and {{cvt|1.6|km|0}} of walking trails.<ref name="abc091008">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/08/2708111.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231115026/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/08/2708111.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |title='Spectacular' sunrise platform at Uluru |work=ABC News |first=Eric |last=Tlozek |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="aust091008">{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26180171-2702,00.html |title=New Uluru view spares desert songlines |work=The Australian |first=Lex |last=Hall |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013001820/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26180171-2702,00.html |archive-date=13 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>