Editing Ultramontanism (section)

===Reaction===
Other Christian groups outside the Catholic Church declared this as the triumph of what they termed "the heresy of ultramontanism". It was specifically decried in the "Declaration of the Catholic Congress at Munich", in the Theses of Bonn, and in the [[Declaration of Utrecht]], which became the foundational documents of [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholics ({{lang|de|cat=no|Altkatholische}})]] who split with Rome over the declaration on infallibility and supremacy, joining the [[Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands|Old Episcopal Order Catholic See of Utrecht]], which had been independent from Rome since 1723.<ref name=Oneill/>

As with previous pronouncements by the pope, liberals across Europe were outraged by the doctrine of infallibility and many countries reacted with laws to counter the influence of the church. The term "ultramontanism" was revived during the [[French Third Republic]] (1870–1940) as a pejorative way to describe policies that went against {{lang|fr|[[laïcité]]}}, a concept rooted in the French Revolution. The French philosopher [[Jacques Maritain]] noted the distinction between the models found in France and the separation of church and state in the United States in the mid-twentieth century. He considered the US model of that time to be more amicable because it had both "sharp distinction and actual cooperation" between church and state, what he called "an historical treasure" and admonished the United States, "Please to God that you keep it carefully, and do not let your concept of separation veer round to the European one."<ref name="Christ And Culture Revisited">{{citation|access-date=2012-02-10|last=Carson|first= D. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIwE74bxvpAC|title= Christ And Culture Revisited|page= 189|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans |year= 2008|isbn=9780802831743 }}</ref>

After [[Italian Unification]] and the abrupt (and unofficial) end of the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870 because of the outbreak of the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the ultramontanist movement and the opposing conciliarism became obsolete to a large extent. However, some very extreme tendencies of a minority of adherents to ultramontanism – especially those attributing to the Roman pontiff, even in his private opinions, absolute infallibility even in matters beyond faith and morals, and [[impeccability]] – survived and were eagerly used by opponents of the Catholic Church and papacy before the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965) for use in their propaganda. These extreme tendencies, however, were never supported by the First Vatican Council's dogma of 1870 of papal infallibility and primacy, but were rather inspired by erroneous private opinions of some Catholic laymen who tend to identify themselves completely with the Holy See.

At the [[Second Vatican Council]]'s Dogmatic Constitution on the Church {{lang|la|[[Lumen gentium]]}}, the Catholic Church's teaching on the authority of the pope, bishops and councils was further elaborated. The post-conciliar position of the [[Apostolic See]] did not deny any of the previous doctrines of [[papal infallibility]] or [[papal primacy]]; rather, it shifted emphasis from structural and organizational authority to doctrinal teaching authority (also known as the {{lang|la|[[magisterium]]}}). Papal {{lang|la|magisterium}}, i.e. papal teaching authority, was defined in {{lang|la|Lumen gentium}} No.&nbsp;25 and later codified in the 1983 revision of [[Canon Law]].