Editing Ukrainian language (section)

===Origins and developments during medieval times===
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 |video1    = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR1fdjz9VHU The Ukrainian language in the graffiti of St. Sophia of Kiev]<br/>[[National Sanctuary "Sophia of Kiev"]]. [[YouTube]]}}
As a result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the [[Scythians|Scythian]] and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] population north of the [[Black Sea]], lasting into the early [[Middle Ages]], the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in [[Scythian language|Scythian]] and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*g'' and ''*gʰ''.<ref>Абаев В. И. О происхождении фонемы ''g (h)'' в славянском языке // Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания. М., 1964. С. 115—121.</ref><ref>Майоров А.В. Великая Хорватия: Этногенез и ранняя история славян Прикарпатского региона. СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 2006. {{ISBN|5-288-03948-8}}. С. 102.</ref><ref>Эдельман Д. И. К происхождению ирано-славянских диахронических паралелей // Славянская языковая и этноязыковая системы в контакте с неславянским окружением. М., 2002. С. 76—77.</ref>

During the 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of the [[Kingdom of Ruthenia]], German words began to appear in the language spoken in Ukraine. Their influence would continue under{{Clarify|date=March 2025|reason=“under Poland” does not make sense - maybe “under Polish rule”? Or “when the land was part of Poland”?}} [[Poland]] not only through German colonists but also through the [[Yiddish|Yiddish-speaking]] Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts. Examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include {{lang|uk|dakh}} ("roof"), {{lang|uk|rura}} ("pipe"), {{lang|uk|rynok}} ("market"), {{lang|uk|kushnir}} ("furrier"), and {{lang|uk|majster}} ("master" or "craftsman").<ref name = "Concise Middle">History of the Ukrainian Language. R. Smal-Stocky. In ''Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia.''(1963). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 490–500</ref>