Editing Ukraine (section)

=== Early history ===
[[File:Indo-European migrations.jpg|thumb|300px|Early [[Indo-European migrations]] from the [[Pontic steppes]] of present-day Ukraine and Russia<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |first=Ann |last=Gibbons |date=10 June 2015 |title=Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians |journal=Science |publisher=AAAS}}
</ref>|left]]

Evidence for the earliest securely-dated hominin presence in Europe comes from 1.4 million-year-old stone tools from [[Korolevo]], in western Ukraine.<ref name=Garba2024>{{cite journal |author=R. Garba, V. Usyk, L. Ylä-Mella, J. Kameník, K. Stübner, J. Lachner, G. Rugel, F. Veselovský, N. Gerasimenko, A. I. R. Herries, J. Kučera, M. F. Knudsen, J. D. Jansen |date=March 6, 2024 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378769849 |title=East-to-west human dispersal into Europe 1.4 million years ago |journal=Nature |volume=627 |issue=8005 |pages=805–810 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07151-3 |pmid=38448591 |bibcode=2024Natur.627..805G |s2cid=268262450 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Settlement by [[modern humans]] in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the [[Gravettian culture]] in the [[Crimean Mountains]].<ref name=orig>{{cite journal |title=The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior |first1=Sandrine |last1=Prat |first2=Stéphane C. |last2=Péan |first3=Laurent |last3=Crépin |first4=Dorothée G. |last4=Drucker |first5=Simon J. |last5=Puaud |first6=Hélène |last6=Valladas |first7=Martina |last7=Lázničková-Galetová |first8=Johannes van der |last8=Plicht |first9=Alexander |last9=Yanevich |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |date=17 June 2011 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e20834 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0020834 |pmid=21698105 |pmc=3117838 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...620834P |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262 |title=Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine |author=Jennifer Carpenter |date=20 June 2011 |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 June 2011}}</ref> By 4,500 BC, the [[Neolithic]] [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture]] was flourishing in wide areas of modern Ukraine, including [[Trypillia]] and the entire [[Dnieper]]-[[Dniester]] region. Ukraine is a probable location for the first [[domestication of the horse]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorsberg |first=Christian |title=When Did Humans Domesticate Horses? Scientists Find Modern Lineage Has Origins 4,200 Years Ago |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/when-did-humans-domesticate-horses-scientists-find-modern-lineage-has-origins-4200-years-ago-180984483/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> The [[Kurgan hypothesis]] places the Volga-Dnieper region of Ukraine and southern Russia as the [[linguistic homeland]] of the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balter |first1=Michael |title=Mysterious Indo-European homeland may have been in the steppes of Ukraine and Russia |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=13 February 2015 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/mysterious-indo-european-homeland-may-have-been-steppes-ukraine-and-russia}}</ref> Early [[Indo-European migrations]] from the Pontic steppes in the 3rd millennium BC spread [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe pastoralist]] ancestry and [[Indo-European languages]] across large parts of Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haak |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin |last10=Stewardson |first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |date=2015-06-11 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |arxiv=1502.02783}}</ref> During the [[Iron Age]], the land was inhabited by [[Eastern Iranian languages|Iranian]]-speaking [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], and [[Sarmatians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian |title=Scythian |access-date=21 October 2015 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Between 700&nbsp;BC and 200&nbsp;BC it was part of the [[Scythia]]n kingdom.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Scythian |title=Scythian: Ancient People |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013119/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Scythian |encyclopedia=Online Britannica |date=20 July 1998 |access-date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

From the 6th&nbsp;century BC, [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] colonies were established on the north-eastern shore of the [[Black Sea]], such as at [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]], and [[Chersonesus]]. These thrived into the 6th&nbsp;century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area, but came under the sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s. In the 7th&nbsp;century, the territory that is now eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khazar &#124; Origin, History, Religion, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khazar |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=12 May 2023}}</ref>

In the 5th and 6th centuries, the [[Antes (people)|Antes]], which some relate as an [[early Slavs|early Slavic]] people, lived in Ukraine. Migrations from the territories of present-day Ukraine throughout the [[Balkans]] established many [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] nations. Northern migrations, reaching almost to [[Lake Ilmen]], led to the emergence of the [[Ilmen Slavs]] and [[Krivichs]]. Following an [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] raid in 602 and the collapse of the Antes Union, most of these peoples survived as separate tribes until the beginning of the second millennium.<ref>{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&q=antes+avar&pg=PA42 |title=A History of Ukraine |date=16 July 1996 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=9780802078209 |pages=39–42 |quote=Whether the Antes created a state structure or existed simply as tribal groupings, their influence was broken after the arrival of the Avars during the second half of the sixth century. With the Avar presence, the Antes disappeared; they are last mentioned in historical sources at the beginning of the seventh century (602). |access-date=16 July 2018 |via=Google Books}}</ref>