Editing Typography (section)

=== Evolution ===
The design of typefaces has developed alongside the development of [[typesetting]] systems.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Rob |last1=Carter |first2=Ben |last2=Day |first3=Philip B. |last3=Meggs |author3-link = Philip B. Meggs |title=Typographic Design: Form and Communication |year=2012 |page=125 |quote=It is the earliest mechanization of a handicraft: the handlettering of books. Typographic design has been closely bound to the evolution of technology, for the capabilities and limitations of typesetting systems have posed constraints upon the design process.}}</ref> Although typography has evolved significantly from its origins, it is a largely conservative art that tends to cleave closely to tradition.<ref name="The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia">{{cite web|title=Typography|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/typography?searchId=9d3b7944-6200-11e4-9214-12c1d36507ee|website=Credo Reference/The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia|publisher=Credo Reference|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> This is because [[legibility]] is paramount, and so the typefaces that are the most readable usually are retained. In addition, the evolution of typography is inextricably intertwined with [[lettering]] by hand and related art forms, especially formal styles, which thrived for centuries preceding typography,<ref name="The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia" /> and so the evolution of typography must be discussed with reference to this relationship.

In the nascent stages of European [[printing]], the typeface ([[blackletter]], or Gothic) was designed in imitation of the popular hand-lettering styles of [[scribes]].<ref name="The Columbia Encyclopedia">{{cite web|title=Type|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/type/0|website=Credo Reference/The Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher=Credo Reference|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> Initially, this typeface was difficult to read, because each letter was set in place individually and made to fit tightly into the allocated space.<ref name=Infoamerica>{{cite web|title=The Evolution of Typography|url=http://www.infoamerica.org/museo/pdf/evolucion.pdf|website=Infoamerica|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> The art of manuscript writing, the origin of which was during Hellenistic and Roman bookmaking, reached its zenith in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages. Metal typefaces notably altered the style, making it "crisp and uncompromising", and also brought about "new standards of composition".<ref name="The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia" />
During the [[Renaissance]] period in France, [[Claude Garamond]] was partially responsible for the adoption of Roman typeface that eventually supplanted the more commonly used Gothic (blackletter).<ref name="Haley">{{cite book|last1=Haley|first1=Allan|title=Typography, Referenced|date=2012|publisher=Rockport Publishers|location=Beverly, MA|isbn=978-1-59253-702-0}}</ref>{{rp|8}} Roman typeface also was based on hand-lettering styles.<ref name="Roman type">[[Roman type]]</ref>

The development of Roman typeface can be traced back to Greek lapidary letters. Greek lapidary letters were carved into stone and "one of the first formal uses of Western [[letterforms]]"; after that, Roman lapidary letterforms evolved into the monumental capitals, which laid the foundation for Western typographical design, especially [[serif]] typefaces.<ref name="Haley" />{{rp|10}} There are two styles of Roman typefaces: the old style, and the modern. The former is characterized by its similarly weighted lines, while the latter is distinguished by its contrast of light and heavy lines.<ref name="The Columbia Encyclopedia" /> Often, these styles are combined.

In relation to the international graphics of the 1920s - 1930s, the term "International Typographic Style" is used.<ref>Meggs P. A History of Graphic Design. N. Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.</ref> In the 1950s - 1960s, such a phenomenon as "Swiss style" was formed in typography.<ref> Hollis R. Swiss Graphic Design: The Origins and Growth of an International Style, 1920-1965. New Haven: Yale University Press: 2001.</ref><ref>Vasileva E. (2021) The Swiss Style: It’s Prototypes, Origins and the Regulation Problem // Terra Artis. Arts and Design, 3, 84–101.</ref>

By the twentieth century, computers turned typeface design into a rather simplified process. This has allowed the number of typefaces and styles to proliferate exponentially, as there now are thousands available.<ref name="The Columbia Encyclopedia" /> Confusion between [[typeface]] and [[font]] (the various styles of a single typeface) occurred in 1984 when [[Steve Jobs]] mislabeled typefaces as fonts for Apple computers and his error has been perpetuated throughout the computer industry, leading to common misuse by the public of the term ''font'' when ''typeface'' is the proper term.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}