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=== Precontent to 17th century === The Tuscarora people were a confederacy of three tribes, when first encountered by Europeans in North Carolina. These were the: * Katenuaka (people of the submerged pine trees),<ref name="ricky268">{{cite book |last1=Ricky |first1=Donald B. |title=Encyclopedia of New Jersey Indians, volume 1 |date=1998 |publisher=Somerset Publishers |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=9781088027257 |page=268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qP-7BxjLV-8C |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> Kautanohakau<ref name="cusick">{{cite web |last1=Cusick |first1=David |title=David Cusick's Sketches of Ancient History of the Six Nations |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeaamericanstudies/10/ |website=Digital Commons |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> * Kawenteaka (translation unknown),<ref name=ricky268/> Akawenteaka,<ref name=cusick/> Kauwetsaka,<ref name=hodge842>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ueYNAAAAIAAJ&dq=Kautanohakau&pg=PA842 Hodge, p. 842]</ref> Kauwetseka<ref name=hodge842/> * Skaruren ([[Apocynum cannabinum|hemp]] gatherers),<ref name=ricky268/> Skarū're<sup>n</sup>,<ref name=hodge842/> Skuarureaka<ref name=cusick/> The members of these three tribes belonged to about seven [[matrilineal]] clans: Bear, Beaver, Deer, Eel, Snipe, Turtle, and Wolf; however, clans may have had different subclans throughout time.<ref name=ricky268/> These affiliations continued to be active as independent groups after the tribe migrated to New York, and later Ontario.<ref>Cusick, ''History of the Six Nations'', 1828, pp. 31, 34</ref> [[Frederick Webb Hodge|F.W. Hodge]], an early 19th-century historian, wrote that the Tuscarora in North Carolina traditionally were said to occupy the "country lying between the sea shores and the mountains, which divide the Atlantic states," in which they had 24 large towns and could muster about 6,000 warriors, probably meaning persons.<ref name="F.W. Hodge, Tuscarora"/>
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