Editing Tristan da Cunha (section)

===19th century===
The first permanent settler was [[Jonathan Lambert (sailor)|Jonathan Lambert]] of [[Salem, Massachusetts]], United States, who moved to the island in December 1810 with two other men, to be joined later by a fourth.<ref name=mackay>{{cite book |last=Mackay |first=Margaret |year=1963 |title=Angry Island: The Story of Tristan da Cunha, 1506–1963 |location=London |publisher=Arthur Barker |page=30}}</ref> Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the [[Islands of Refreshment]]. Three of the four men died in 1812 and [[Thomas Currie (settler)|Thomas Currie]] (Tommaso Corri, from [[Livorno]], [[Italy]]), one of the original three, remained as a farmer on the island.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tristan d'Acunha, etc.: Jonathan Lambert, late Sovereign thereof |magazine=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |volume=4 |issue=21 |date=Dec 1818 |pages=280–285 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tt_QAAAAMAAJ |via=Google Books}}</ref>

On 14&nbsp;August 1816, the United Kingdom [[Annexation|annexed]] the islands by sending a garrison to secure possession, and making them a dependency of the [[Cape Colony]] in South Africa. This was explained as a measure to prevent the islands' use as a base for any attempt to free [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] from his prison on [[Saint Helena]].<ref name=Roberts1/> The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base for naval [[cruiser]]s, as it had during the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=mackay/> The garrison left the islands in November&nbsp;1817, although some members of the garrison, notably [[William Glass]], stayed and formed the nucleus of a permanent population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flower |first=Robin |date=May 1935 |title=Tristan da Cunha Records |journal=[[British Museum Quarterly|The British Museum Quarterly]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=121–123 |doi=10.2307/4421742 |jstor=4421742}}</ref>

[[File:Augustus Earle, (Self Portrait) Solitude, Tristan da Cunha, 1824.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Augustus Earle, ''(Self Portrait) Solitude, watching the horizon at sun set, in the hopes of seeing a vessel, Tristan de Acunha (i.e. da Cunha) in the South Atlantic'', (1824): watercolour; {{cvt|17.5|x|25.7|cm}}. [[National Library of Australia]] ]]
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| quote = On the fifteenth of July, the snow-clad mountains of Tristan da Cunha appeared, lighted by a brilliant morning-sun, and towering to a height estimated at between nine and ten thousand feet."<ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Edmund |title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat |year=1837 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |page=33 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/33/ |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012040501/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/33/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| source = [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|Edmund Roberts]], ''Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat'', 1837
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The artist [[Augustus Earle]] spent eight months stranded there in 1824. He had been on the aging ship ''Duke of Gloucester'', bound for Calcutta, which had anchored there for three days due to a storm. Earle and a crew member were left when the ''Gloucester'' unexpectedly sailed. Earle tutored several children and painted until his supplies ran out. He was rescued in late November by the ship {{ship||Admiral Cockburn|1814 ship|2}} on its way to Hobart.

The islands were occupied by a garrison of [[Royal Marines|British Marines]], and a civilian population gradually grew. {{ship||Berwick|1795 ship|2}} stopped there on 25&nbsp;March 1824 and reported that it had a population of twenty-two men and three women. The barque ''South Australia'' stayed there on 18–20&nbsp;February 1836 when a certain Glass was governor, as reported in a chapter on the island by W. H. Leigh.<ref>{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=Leigh |title=Travels and Adventures in South Australia |place=London |orig-year=1839 |edition=facsimile |publisher=The Currawong Press |year=1982}}</ref> Also in 1836, the schooner ''Emily'' ran aground with the Dutch fisherman Pieter Groen from [[Katwijk]]. He stayed, married there, changed his name to Peter Green and in 1865 became spokesman/governor of the community. In 1856, there were already 97 people living there.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

A [[parson]] arrived in February 1851, the Bishop of Cape Town visited in March&nbsp;1856 and the island was included within the diocese of Cape Town.<ref>Jan Brander, ''Tristan da Cunha, 1506–1902,'' London, Unwin, 1940.</ref>{{rp|63–50}}

In 1867, [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]] and second son of [[Queen Victoria]], visited the islands. The only settlement, [[Edinburgh of the Seven Seas]], was named in honour of his visit.{{efn|The visit took place during the Duke of Edinburgh's [[circumnavigation]] undertaken while commanding HMS ''Galatea''. Tristan da Cunha post office issued four stamps in 1967 to celebrate the centenary of this visit.<ref>{{cite book |author=Courtney, Nicholas |year=2004 |title=The Queen's Stamps |isbn=0-413-77228-4 |page=28 |publisher=Methuen}}</ref>}} On 15&nbsp;October 1873, the Royal Navy scientific survey vessel [[HMS Challenger (1858)|HMS ''Challenger'']] docked at Tristan to conduct geographic and zoological surveys on Tristan, [[Inaccessible Island]] and the [[Nightingale Islands]].<ref name=thomson>{{cite book |last=Thomson |first=C. Wyville |year=1885 |title=Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–76 |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |pages=240–252 |url=https://archive.org/details/reportonscientif02grearich/page/240 |access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> In his log, Captain [[George Nares]] recorded a total of fifteen families and eighty-six individuals living on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foraminifera.eu/challenger135.php |title=H.M.S. Challenger Station 135, Tristan da Cunha |access-date=29 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214141940/http://foraminifera.eu/challenger135.php}}</ref> Tristan became a dependency of the British Crown in October 1875.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14123532 |title=St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha profiles |date=14 May 2018 |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317092054/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14123532 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Whalers set up bases on the islands for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869, together with the gradual transition from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, which were no longer needed as a stopping port for lengthy sail voyages, or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.<ref name=mackay/>

{{Main|Tristan da Cunha lifeboat disaster}}
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Victims of the 1885 Lifeboat disaster:
* Joe Beetham
* Thomas & Cornelius Cotton
* Thomas Glass
* John, William & Alfred Green
* Jacob, William & Jeremiah Green
* Albert, James & William Hagan
* Samuel & Thomas Swain
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On 27 November 1885, the island suffered one of its worst tragedies after an iron [[barque]] named ''West Riding'' approached the island, whilst en route to [[Sydney]], Australia, from [[Bristol]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Millington |first=Peter |title=The Lifeboat Disaster |url=https://www.tristandc.com/po/stamps201512.php |url-status=dead |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Tristan da Cunha Government & Tristan da Cunha Association |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604195332/https://tristandc.com/po/stamps201512.php}}</ref> Due to the loss of regular trading opportunities, almost all of the island's able-bodied men approached the ship in a [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]] attempting to trade with the passing vessel. The boat, recently donated by the British government, sailed despite rough waters and, although the lifeboat was spotted sailing alongside the ship for some time, it never returned. Various reports were given following the event, with rumours ranging from the men drowning,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grundy |first=Richard |title=Tristan da Cunha Isolation & Hardship 1853–1942 |url=https://www.tristandc.com/history1853-1942.php |date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227075753/https://www.tristandc.com/history1853-1942.php |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Tristan da Cunha Government & Tristan da Cunha Association}}</ref> to reports of them being taken to Australia and sold as slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Millington |first=Peter |title=The Lifeboat Disaster |url=https://www.tristandc.com/po/stamps201512.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124234904/http://www.tristandc.com/po/stamps201512.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=www.tristandc.com}}</ref> In total, 15 men were lost, leaving behind an island of widows. A plaque at [[St. Mary's Church, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas|St. Mary's Church]] commemorates the lost men.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glass |first=Conrad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90yYAgAAQBAJ&q=tristan+st+marys+plaque+lifeboat&pg=PT143 |title=Rockhopper Copper |date=2014 |publisher=Polperro Heritage Press |isbn=978-0-9530012-3-1}}</ref>