Editing Trinity College, Toronto (section)

===Early years===
[[File:GeorgeWhitaker.JPG|thumb|right|upright=.75|Provost [[George Whitaker (Canadian educator)|George Whitaker]]]]Designed by [[Kivas Tully]], the original Trinity College building was constructed in 1851 on Queen Street West, in what was then an undeveloped western end outside the Toronto city bounds.<ref>[http://dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/architects/view/934 Charles Barry Cleveland] from ''Dictionary of Architects in Canada'', retrieved 14 January 2015</ref> The building featured [[Gothic Revival]] design, and was inspired by [[St Aidan's College, Birkenhead|St. Aidan's Theological College]], Birkenhead.<ref>Graham Warwick Owen, “Projects for Trinity College, Toronto.” The Journal of Canadian Art History. (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1977), 61.</ref>

Discipline in the early years was strict. All students were subject to a rigid curfew, and daily chapel attendance was mandatory. If a student wished to leave college grounds, they were required to wear a cap and gown. The college was deliberately built away from the temptations of the city proper. This was all part of Strachan's plan to counteract the University of Toronto's secularism through modelling his vision of conservative Anglican education. Strachan was supported in these efforts by [[George Whitaker (Canadian educator)|George Whitaker]], a clergyman from [[Cambridge University]] who served as Trinity's divinity professor and first Provost. Strachan's hatred of the secular university was so great that Trinity's student athletes were forbidden to compete against students from the University of Toronto.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, p. 28.</ref> It is not well known what the general student body thought of these rules, although there are records of students having cached their formal garb in the college ravine and clandestinely visiting town in informal clothes.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 11–17.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 68 }}</ref> Despite the rigid rules and church culture, beer consumption formed an important element of student life, and students purchased over 100 gallons of ale a year from a nearby brewery.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Watson |first= Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |publisher= Trinity Review |year= 1952 |pages = 17–18}}</ref>

Bishop [[Benjamin Cronyn]] of [[Diocese of Huron|Huron]] led an attack on the teaching of Trinity College in the early 1860s. Cronyn was an evangelical [[low church]] Anglican, who accused Provost Whitaker of spreading "dangerous" [[Romish]] doctrines. The College Corporation struck an investigatory committee to investigate Cronyn's claims. After the committee published its findings, Provost Whitaker received votes of confidence from the corporation, the Synod of Toronto, the Synod of Ontario, and the House of Bishops. Bishop Cronyn responded by resigning from the corporation, withdrawing all connections between the Diocese of Huron and Trinity College, and founding [[Huron College (Ontario)|Huron College]] (today affiliated with [[Western University (Canada)|Western University]]).<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | pages = 62–69}}</ref> In 1877, [[Evangelical Anglicanism|Evangelical Anglicans]] affiliated with [[St. James Cathedral (Toronto)|St. James Cathedral]] founded [[Wycliffe College, Toronto|Wycliffe College]] as a [[Low church|low-church]] alternative to Trinity within Toronto.<ref>{{cite book |last= Edinborough |first= Arnold |title= The Enduring Word: A Centennial History of Wycliffe College |publisher= University of Toronto Press |year= 1978 |pages = 10–12}}</ref>

[[File:Trinity College Class of 1882.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Trinity College's Class of 1882. Famed Canadian poet [[Archibald Lampman]] is at the far left, seated]]Bishop Strachan died on November 1, 1867 ([[All Saints' Day]]). Provost Whitaker committed to maintaining Strachan's vision for the university, and continued to run the institution in strict conformity with conservative church principles. While Whitaker slowly permitted new courses to be offered, Trinity's core subjects remained theology, classics, and mathematics. Despite the urges of the College Council and some students, Whitaker steadfastly rejected federation with the University of Toronto.<ref>{{cite book |last= Watson |first= Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |publisher= Trinity Review |year= 1952 |page = 42 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 99–103 }}</ref> To Whitaker, the benefits of joining the larger, secular University were outweighed by the "priceless benefits of such an education as can be given only on Christian principles, and under the hallowed shelter of the Church of Christ."<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 102 }}</ref>

In 1879, Provost Whitaker lost a contentious election to become Bishop of Toronto. This was his third failure seeking the position, and after the loss he resolved to return to his home in England.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 103–104 }}</ref> Whitaker left in 1881, and in his place the College Council appointed the Reverend Charles Body, another clergyman from Cambridge. Body was thirty at the time of his appointment, and significantly reformed the curriculum and policies of Trinity College.<ref>{{cite book |last= Watson |first= Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |publisher= Trinity Review |year= 1952 |pages = 48–49 }}</ref> Under Provost Body, religious entry-requirements were abolished for non-divinity students, and the first female students were admitted to study. The requirement to wear a cap and gown while leaving College grounds was dropped, although chapel attendance remained mandatory for both divinity and arts students. Body's reforms succeeded in attracting new students, and within a decade enrollment more than doubled.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 108 }}</ref>

The original College building suffered from architectural defects. The building was cold in winter, and fireplaces filled the residence rooms with smoke. Until 1888, the college used coal for heating, which generated noxious fumes.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 41 }}</ref> Over time, additional wings were added to the college, such as a convocation hall added in 1877 in memory of John Strachan. A designated chapel was built in 1883; previously, chapel had been held in a room originally intended for the college's library. Enrolment grew substantially under Provosts Body and Welch, such that in 1894 the college erected an east wing devoted entirely to student residences.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sheraton |first= J. P. |editor = W. J. Alexander |title= The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827–1906 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1906 |pages = 216–217 |url= https://archive.org/details/universityoftor00univuoft}}</ref> [[File:Trinity Medical College.jpg|thumb|left|Trinity Medical College in East Toronto]]

Under Provost Body and his successor Edward Welch, Trinity College gradually expanded its teaching beyond arts and divinity. By the end of the 19th century Trinity offered degrees in a variety of disciplines, including medicine, law, music, pharmacy and dentistry. The connections between the professional faculties and the college proper were however somewhat tenuous, as students generally took classes elsewhere in Toronto, and only came to the Queen Street campus to write exams and accept degrees.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 49–50.</ref> Trinity was founded with a medical school run by six Toronto doctors, and the first lecture ever given at Trinity was on "medical jurisprudence". However, the medical faculty dissolved itself in 1856 in protest of the religious entry requirements. Trinity Medical School re-founded itself in 1871, and taught students in a separate building in Toronto's east end. The school (renamed Trinity Medical College in 1888) existed as an independent legal body in voluntary association with Trinity College.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 24–25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | page = 58}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Spragge |first= George W. |date= June 1966 |title= The Trinity Medical College |journal= Ontario Historical Society |volume= 58 |issue=2 |pages= 63–98|pmid= 11620401 }}</ref> Trinity's Faculty of Music started offering degrees in the 1880s, and offered examinations for degrees in London, England, and New York City, as well as Toronto.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | pages = 98–100}}</ref>

[[File:OldTrinFaculty1904.JPG|thumb|Trinity College faculty at the time of federation]]In 1884, [[Helen Gregory MacGill|Helen Gregory]] enrolled as the first female student at Trinity College. Gregory graduated with three degrees, and later became a judge in the Vancouver Juvenile Court. [[St. Hilda's College, Toronto|St. Hilda's College]] was created in 1888 as Trinity's women's residence.<ref>{{cite journal | title =University of Trinity College, Toronto. | journal =Dominion Illustrated News (Montreal) | volume =1 | issue =5 | page =76 | date =August 4, 1888 }}</ref><ref>[http://dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/architects/view/1310 Eden Smith] from ''Dictionary of Architects in Canada'', retrieved 14 January 2015</ref> For the first six years of its existence, female students lived and took all their classes in St. Hilda's. Under Provost Welch, co-education came to Trinity, and the two teaching staffs and sets of courses merged into one.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, p. 56.</ref>