Editing Trial de novo (section)

===United States===
In the United States, some states provide for [[bench trial]]s only for [[small claims court|small claims]], [[Traffic court|traffic offenses]], and criminal offenses with a penalty of imprisonment of less than six months, then provide the ability to appeal a loss to the trial court of [[general jurisdiction]] for a brand-new trial.  Unlike the appellate court which only examines the issues raised in the original trial, in a trial de novo a brand new trial takes place.  The [[Supreme Court of Virginia]] said this in ''Santen v. Tuthill'', [[case citation|265 Va. 492]] (2003), about the practice of an appeal from district court ''trial de novo'' to circuit court: "This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to 'annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.'"<ref>{{Citation | title = Santen v. Tuthill | id = Case No. 021781 | date = April 17, 2003 | url = http://www.courts.state.va.us/opinions/opnscvwp/1021781.pdf | publisher = Courts | place = [[Virginia|VA]], US | access-date = May 2, 2010}}.</ref> Some states use a system combining aspects of traditional appeal and absolute trial ''de novo''; for instance, in [[New Jersey]], decisions in minor criminal and traffic cases heard in the state's municipal courts may be appealed to the Law Division, Criminal Part of the [[New Jersey Superior Court|Superior Court]] for "trial ''de novo'' on the record," in which the Law Division makes new findings of fact and conclusions of law based on the record produced in the municipal court's trial (i.e. based on the transcript of the municipal court proceeding and any physical or documentary evidence presented to the Municipal Court), but does not hold any evidentiary hearings itself.<ref>N.J. Ct. R. 3:23-8(a)(2)</ref><ref>''State v. Loce'', 267 N.J. Super. 102, 104 (Law Div. 1991)</ref>

It is often used in the review of ''[[administrative proceeding]]s'' or the judgements of a ''[[small claims court]]''. If the determination made by a lower body is overturned, it may be renewed ''de novo'' in the review process (this is usually before it reaches the court system). Sometimes administrative decisions may be reviewed by the courts on a ''de novo'' basis.{{Citation needed | date = February 2014}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=trial de novo |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/trial_de_novo |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref>