Editing Treaty of Tordesillas (section)

==Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza==
{{Main|Treaty of Zaragoza}}

[[File:Blaeu - Moluccae Insulae Celeberrimae.jpg|thumb|left|Dutch map of the Moluccas (north is at right)]]
Initially, the line of demarcation did not encircle the earth. Instead, Spain and Portugal could conquer any new lands they were the first to discover, Spain to the west and Portugal to the east, even if they passed each other on the other side of the globe.<ref>Edward Gaylord Bourne, "Historical Introduction", in Blair.</ref> But Portugal's discovery of the highly valued [[Moluccas]] in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the earth into two equal hemispheres. After the surviving ships of [[Magellan]]'s fleet visited the Moluccas in 1521, Spain claimed that those islands were within its western hemisphere. The Treaty of Vitoria, negotiated between Spain and Portugal on 19 February 1524, called for the Junta of Badajoz to meet in an attempt to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian, which ultimately failed.<ref>Emma Helen Blair, ''[http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18032.html The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, part 2]''</ref> It was finally agreed in the [[Treaty of Zaragoza]] (or Saragossa), signed on 22 April 1529, that Spain would relinquish its claims to the Moluccas upon the payment of 350,000 [[ducat]]s of gold{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Assuming the treaty reckoned its "350,000 ducats" as [[Currency of Spanish America#1497 Medina del Campo|the era's Spanish ''ducados'']] rather than [[Venetian ducats]], this would have represented about 1220 kg of pure gold.}} by Portugal to Spain. To prevent Spain from encroaching upon Portugal's Moluccas, the anti-meridian was to be {{frac|297|1|2}} leagues or 17° to the east of the Moluccas, passing through the islands of Las Velas and Santo Thome.<ref>Emma Helen Blair, ''[http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18033.html The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, part 3]''</ref> This distance is slightly smaller than the 300 leagues determined by Magellan as the westward distance from los Ladrones to the Philippine island of [[Samar]], which is just west of due north of the Moluccas.{{sfnp|Stanley|1874|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-pIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71 71]}}

The Moluccas are a group of islands west of New Guinea. However, unlike the large modern [[Indonesia]]n [[archipelago]] of the [[Maluku Islands]], to 16th-century Europeans the Moluccas were a small chain of islands, the only place on earth where [[clove]]s grew, just west of the large north Malukan island of [[Halmahera]] (called Gilolo at the time). Cloves were so prized by Europeans for the medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold.{{sfn|Andaya|1993|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Corn|1998|p=xxiv|ps=. I split the nut, once more valuable than gold.}} 16th- and 17th-century maps and descriptions indicate that the main islands were [[Ternate]], [[Tidore]], [[Moti Island|Moti]], [[Makian]] and [[Bacan]], although the last was often ignored even though it was by far the largest island.<ref>Gavan Daws and Marty Fujita, ''Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia'', (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 98, {{ISBN|0-520-21576-1}} (early 1500s).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ternate.html |title=The Portuguese in the Moluccas and in the Lesser Sunda Islands by Marco Ramerini, 1600s |publisher=Colonialvoyage.com |access-date=2010-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175159/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ternate.html |archive-date=2011-05-14 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stanley|1874|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-pIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126 126–127]}} The principal island was Ternate at the chain's northern end (0°47{{prime}}N, only {{convert|11|km|mi|0}} in diameter) on whose southwest coast the Portuguese built a stone fort ([[Fort Kastela|Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate]]) during 1522–23,{{sfn|Andaya|1993|p=117}}{{efn|After the [[Iberian Union|Spanish-Portuguese Union]] (1580–1640) and the effective Dutch conquest of the Moluccas (1605–1611, pp. 152–153), the fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1666 during their retreat to the Philippines. (p. 156)}} which could only be repaired, not modified, according to the Treaty of Zaragoza. This north–south chain occupies two degrees of latitude bisected by the equator at about 127°24{{prime}}E, with Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Makian north of the equator and Bacan south of it.

Although the treaty's Santo Thome island has not been identified, its "Islas de las Velas" (Islands of the Sails) appear in a 1585 Spanish history of China, on the 1594 world map of [[Petrus Plancius]], on an anonymous map of the Moluccas in the 1598 London edition of [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten|Linschoten]], and on the 1607 world map of Petro Kærio, identified as a north–south chain of islands in the northwest Pacific, which were also called the "Islas de los Ladrones" (Islands of the Thieves) during that period.{{sfn|Knowlton|1963|p=341}}{{efn|The islands were named both las Velas and los Ladrones in a quote from Father Juan González de Mendoza in ''Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran Reino de la China'' (''History of the most remarkable things, rites and customs of the great Kingdom of China'', 1585).}}{{sfn|Cortesao|1939|p=224}}{{efn|With detailed maps naming each island on several maps.}}<ref>ed. John O. E. Clark, ''100 Maps'' (New York: Sterling, 2005) p. 115, {{ISBN|1-4027-2885-9}}.</ref> Their name was changed by Spain in 1667 to "Islas de las Marianas" ([[Mariana Islands]]), which include [[Guam]] at their southern end. Guam's longitude of 144°45{{prime}}E is east of the Moluccas' longitude of 127°24{{prime}}E by 17°21{{prime}}, which is remarkably close by 16th-century standards to the treaty's 17° east. This longitude passes through the eastern end of the main north Japanese island of [[Hokkaido]] and through the eastern end of New Guinea, which is where Frédéric Durand placed the demarcation line.<ref>{{cite web |author=Le Réseau Asie |url=http://www.reseau-asie.com/cgi-bin/prog/pform.cgi?langue=en&Mcenter=article_standard&TypeListe=showdoc&ID_document=183 |title=The cartography of the Orientals and Southern Europeans in the beginning of the western exploration of South-East Asia from the middle of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIIth century by Frédéric Durand |publisher=Reseau-asie.com |date=2006-09-15 |access-date=2010-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003005552/http://www.reseau-asie.com/cgi-bin/prog/pform.cgi?langue=en&Mcenter=article_standard&TypeListe=showdoc&ID_document=183 |archive-date=2009-10-03 }}</ref> Moriarty and Keistman placed the demarcation line at 147°E by measuring 16.4° east from the western end of New Guinea (or 17° east of 130°E).<ref>{{cite journal |date=April 1966 |title=Philip II Orders the Journey of the First Manila Galleon |url=https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1966/april/galleon/ |journal=The Journal of San Diego History |edition=Volume 12, Number 2 |access-date=2010-06-07}}</ref> Despite the treaty's clear statement that the demarcation line passes 17° east of the Moluccas, some sources place the line just east of the Moluccas.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iR4ht7LHFhsC&pg=PA4 ''Lines in the sea'' by Giampiero Francalanci and others, p.3] about 129°E or only 1°30{{prime}} east of the Moluccas.</ref><ref>[http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/66april/images/pg8map.jpg Lines of Demarcation 1529] about 134°E or 6°30{{prime}} east of the Moluccas.</ref><ref>[http://klett-verlag.de/sixcms/list.php?page=geo_infothek&node=Mittelalter&article=Infoblatt+Das+Zeitalter+der+gro%DFen+Entdeckungsfahrten  Infoblatt Das Zeitalter der großen Entdeckungsfahrten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927140459/http://klett-verlag.de/sixcms/list.php?page=geo_infothek&node=Mittelalter&article=Infoblatt+Das+Zeitalter+der+gro%DFen+Entdeckungsfahrten |date=27 September 2007 }} about 135°E or 7°30{{prime}} east of the Moluccas.</ref>

The Treaty of Zaragoza did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation provided by the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180° each), so the two lines divided the earth into unequal hemispheres. Portugal's portion was roughly 191° whereas Spain's portion was roughly 169°. Both portions have a large uncertainty of ±4° because of the wide variation in the opinions regarding the location of the Tordesillas line.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Portugal gained control of all lands and seas west of the Zaragoza line, including all of Asia and its neighboring islands so far discovered, leaving Spain most of the Pacific Ocean. Although the Philippines were not named in the treaty, Spain implicitly relinquished any claim to them because they were well west of the line. Nevertheless, by 1542, Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines, judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices. Although a number of expeditions sent from [[New Spain]] arrived in the Philippines, they were unable to establish a settlement because the return route across the Pacific was unknown. King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] succeeded in 1565 when he sent [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] and [[Andrés de Urdaneta]], establishing the initial Spanish trading post at [[Cebu]] and later founding Manila in 1571.

Besides [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]] and the Moluccas, Portugal eventually controlled [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], [[Portuguese Guinea]], and [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]] (among other territories and bases) in [[Africa]]; several bases or territories such as [[Muscat]], [[Ormus]] and [[Bahrain]] in the Persian Gulf, [[Goa]], [[Bombay]] and [[Daman and Diu]] (among other coastal cities) in [[Portuguese India|India]]; [[Portuguese Ceylon|Ceylon]], and [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]], bases in present-day Indonesia as [[Makassar]], [[Solor]], [[Ambon Island|Ambon]], and [[Portuguese Timor]], the ''[[entrepôt]]''-base of [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and the entrepôt-enclave of [[Dejima]] ([[Nagasaki]]) in the Far East.

Spain, on the other hand, would control vast western regions in the Americas, in areas ranging from the present-day United States to present-day Argentina, an empire that would extend to the Philippines, and bases in Ternate and [[Formosa]] (17th century).

{|style="margin:auto;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Portuguese and Spanish empires (anachronous world maps)
|-
| [[File:PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png|thumb|180x180px|[[Portuguese Empire]]]]
| [[File:Spanish Empire (diachronic).svg|180px|thumb|[[Spanish Empire]]]]
| [[File:Philip II's realms in 1598.png|180px|thumb|[[Iberian Union]] (1581–1640)]]
|}