Editing Transcendental Meditation (section)

==Movement==
{{Main|Transcendental Meditation movement}}
The Transcendental Meditation movement consists of the programs and organizations connected with the Transcendental Meditation technique and founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Transcendental Meditation was first taught in the 1950s in India and has continued since the Maharishi's death in  2008.  The organization was estimated to have 900,000 participants worldwide in 1977,<ref name="Stark 1986 page 287">{{cite book|last1=Stark|first1=Rodney|last2=Bainbridge|first2=William, Sims| title=The Future Of Religion|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520057319|pages=287}} "Time magazine in 1975 estimated that the U.S. total had risen to 600,000 augmented by half that number elsewhere" =[900,000 worldwide]  "Annual Growth in TM Initiations in the U.S.  [chart]  Cumulative total at the End of Each Year: 1977, 919,300"</ref> a million by the 1980s,<ref name="Petersen, William J. 1982 p 123">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=William|title=Those Curious New Cults in the 80s|year=1982|publisher=Keats Publishing|location=New Canaan, Connecticut|isbn=9780879833176|pages=[https://archive.org/details/thosecuriousnewc0000pete/page/123 123]|url=https://archive.org/details/thosecuriousnewc0000pete/page/123}} claims "more than a million" in the USA and Europe.</ref><ref name="Occhiogrosso, Peter 1996 p 66">Occhiogrosso, Peter. ''The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions.'' New York: Doubleday (1996); p 66, citing "close to a million" in the USA.</ref><ref name="Bainbridge, William Sims 1997 page 189">Bainbridge, William Sims (1997) Routledge, The Sociology of Religious Movements, page 189 "the million people [Americans] who had been initiated"</ref> and 5 million in more recent years.{{when|date=May 2021}}<ref>Analysis: Practice of requiring probationers to take lessons in transcendental meditation sparks religious controversy, NPR All Things Considered, 1 February 2002 | ROBERT SIEGEL "TM's five million adherents claim that it eliminates chronic health problems and reduces stress."</ref><ref>Martin Hodgson, The Guardian  (5 February 2008)	"He [Maharishi]  transformed his interpretations of ancient scripture into a multimillion-dollar global empire with more than 5m followers worldwide"</ref><ref>Stephanie van den Berg, Sydney Morning Herald, Beatles guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi dies, (7 February 2008)  "the TM movement, which has some five million followers worldwide"</ref><ref>Meditation a magic bullet for high blood pressure – study, Sunday Tribune (South Africa), (27 January 2008)  "More than five million people have learned the technique worldwide, including 60,000 in South Africa."</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi - Transcendental Meditation founder's grand plan for peace, The Columbian (Vancouver, WA), 19 February 2006 | ARTHUR MAX Associated Press writer "transcendental meditation, a movement that claims 6 million practitioners since it was introduced."</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bank makes an issue of mystic's mint|last=Bickerton|first=Ian|work=Financial Times|location=London (UK)|date=8 February 2003|page=09}}  the movement claims to have five million followers,</ref><ref name="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1955">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Spiritual Leader Dies, New York Times, By LILY KOPPEL, Published: 6 February 2008 "Since the technique's inception in 1955, the organization says, it has been used to train more than 40,000 teachers, taught more than five million people"</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=May 2021}}

Programs include the Transcendental Meditation technique, an advanced meditation practice called the TM-Sidhi program ("Yogic Flying"), an alternative health care program called [[Maharishi Ayurveda]],<ref name="Sharma 1998 loc=Preface">{{harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998|loc=Preface}}</ref> and a system of building and architecture called Maharishi Sthapatya Ved.<ref name="Argus">{{Cite web|url=http://download.tmnews.org/2005_08_05_RockIsArgus_ltr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326064802/http://download.tmnews.org/2005_08_05_RockIsArgus_ltr.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-26 |url-status=live|title=Welvaert, Brandy, "Vedic homes seek better living through architecture", ''Rock Island Argus'', (5 August 2005)}}</ref><ref name="Spivack">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Bricks Mortar and Serenity|first=Miranda|last=Spivack|date=12 September 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/11/AR2008121103497.html}}</ref>  The TM movement's past and present media endeavors include a publishing company (MUM Press), a television station ([[KSCI]]), a radio station ([[KHOE]]), and a satellite television channel (Maharishi Channel).  During its 50-year history, its products and services have been offered through a variety of organizations, which are primarily nonprofit and educational. These include the Spiritual Regeneration Movement, the International Meditation Society, World Plan Executive Council, Maharishi Vedic Education  Development Corporation, Transcendental Meditation for Women, the [[Global Country of World Peace]], and the [[David Lynch Foundation]].

The TM movement also operates a worldwide network of Transcendental Meditation teaching centers, schools, universities, health centers, herbal supplements, solar panel, and home financing companies, plus several TM-centered communities. The global organization is reported to have an estimated net worth of [[USD]] 3.5 billion.<ref name="Times0882">{{cite news|date=7 February 2008|title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi|work=The Times|location=London (UK)|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3320882.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524223404/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3320882.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi |encyclopedia=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/maharishi-mahesh-yogi}}</ref> The TM movement has been characterized in a variety of ways and has been called a spiritual movement, a [[new religious movement]],<ref name="books.google.com">For ''new religious movement'' see:
<br />{{cite book|last=Beckford|first=James A.|title=Cult controversies: the societal response to new religious movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pc9AAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Tavistock Publications|isbn=978-0-422-79630-9|page=23}}
<br />{{cite book|last=Parsons|first=Gerald|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlKkZoNPi0oC&pg=PA288|year=1994|publisher=The Open University/Methuen|isbn=978-0-415-08326-3|page=288}}
<br />For ''neo-Hindu'', see:
<br />{{cite book|last=Alper|first=Harvey P.|title=Understanding mantras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8Upy4ApG_oC&pg=PA442|date=December 1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0746-4|page=442}}
<br />{{cite book|last1=Raj|first1=Selva J.|author2=William P. Harman|title=Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov2oltTLinkC&pg=PA129|year=2007|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6708-4|page=129}}</ref><ref name="TM and cult mania">{{Cite book | last1 = Persinger | first1 = Michael A. | last2 = Carrey | first2 = Normand J. | last3 = Suess | first3 = Lynn A. | title = TM and cult mania | year = 1980 | publisher = Christopher Pub. House | location = North Quincy, Mass. | isbn = 0-8158-0392-3 }}</ref> a millenarian movement, a world affirming movement,<ref name="Dawson">Dawson, Lorne L. (2003) Blackwell Publishing, Cults and New Religious Movements, Chapter 3: Three Types of New Religious Movement by Roy Wallis (1984), page 44-48</ref> a new social movement,<ref name=Blatter>Christian Blatter, Donald McCown, Diane Reibel, Marc S. Micozzi, (2010) Springer Science+Business Media, Teaching Mindfulness, Page 47</ref> a guru-centered movement,<ref name="Olson, Carl 2007 page 345">Olson, Carl (2007) Rutgers University Press, The Many Colors of Hinduism, page 345</ref> a personal growth movement,<ref name="Shakespeare">{{cite news|last=Shakespeare|first=Tom|title=A Point of View|work=BBC News|date=24 May 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27554640|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref> a religion, and a [[cult]].<ref name="TM and cult mania" /><ref name="Market85">{{cite book |author=Stark, Rodney |author2=Bainbridge, William Sims |title=The future of religion: secularization, revival, and cult formation |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=1985 |isbn=0-520-05731-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTzPyvT2yusC&q=public+relations+Transcendental+meditation&pg=PA285}}</ref><ref name="Sagan, Carl 1997 16">{{cite book |author=Sagan, Carl |title=The demon-haunted world: science as a candle in the dark |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1997 |page=16 |isbn=0-345-40946-9 }}</ref><ref name="Szimhart">{{cite journal |last1=Szimhart |first1=Joseph |title=A look into the Transcendental Deception |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2019 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=61–63}}</ref> Additional sources contend that TM and its movement are not a cult.<ref name=Harrison>Harrison, Shirley (1990). Cults: The Battle for God. Kent: Christopher Helm. pp. 93–103  "none of the other 'cultic qualities' defined by cult watchers can be fairly attributed to TM."</ref><ref name="heraldscotland.com">Rowson, Jonathan (23 April 2007) [http://www.heraldscotland.com/meditation-for-old-hippies-or-a-better-way-of-life-1.839896 Meditation: for old hippies or a better way of life?] Sunday Herald (Scotland) " the TM movement is not a cult", accessed 2 Feb 2013</ref><ref name="Hannaford, Alex 2010">Hannaford, Alex (27 December 2010). "Mantra with a mission; Feature Om or ominous? The maverick film director David Lynch wants to bring Transcendental Meditation to our classrooms, and believes in 'yogic flying'. Can he get it off the ground?". The Sunday Times (London).</ref><ref name="Lyster, Samantha 2000">Lyster, Samantha (21 October 2000) Samantha Lyster finds herself in holistic heaven with new-found happiness and tranquillity after learning the art of transcendental meditation, The Birmingham Post (England), "TM is not a religion, a cult or a philosophy"</ref> Participants in TM programs are not required to adopt a belief system; it is practiced by atheists, agnostics and people from a variety of religious affiliations.<ref name="Liebler 2009">Liebler, Nancy and Moss, Nancy (2009) Healing Depression the Mind-Body Way: Creating Happiness with Meditation ["the TM technique does not require adherence to any belief system—there is no dogma or philosophy attached to it, and it does not demand any lifestyle changes other than the practice of it."]  [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac0g-v6gpjkC&q=Transcendental+Meditation] accessed 25 May 2013</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">"Its proponents say it is not a religion or a philosophy."The Guardian 28 March 2009 [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/mar/29/schools-pupils-meditation-courses]</ref><ref name="concordmonitor.com">"It's used in prisons, large corporations and schools, and it is not considered a religion." [http://www.concordmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090331/NEWS01/903310312/0/FRONTPAGE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195556/http://www.concordmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090331%2FNEWS01%2F903310312%2F0%2FFRONTPAGE|date=3 March 2016}} Concord Monitor</ref> 
The organization has been the subject of controversies that includes being labelled a [[cult]] by several parliamentary inquiries or [[anti-cult movement]]s in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp|title=Commission d'enquête sur les sectes – Assemblée nationale|website=www.assemblee-nationale.fr|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ariplex.com/ama/amasenat.htm|title=Die Deutsche Amalgam-Page, SEKTEN – Risiken und Nebenwirkungen|website=www.ariplex.com|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/07/02/group-claims-tm-movement-is-a-cult/f3ace676-19b6-4968-a712-1be95fa1b428/?noredirect=on|title=GROUP CLAIMS TM MOVEMENT IS A CULT|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="TM and cult mania" /><ref name="Market85"/><ref name="Sagan, Carl 1997 16"/>

Some notable figures in pop-culture practicing TM include [[the Beatles]], [[the Beach Boys]], [[Kendall Jenner]], [[Hugh Jackman]], [[Tom Hanks]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Mick Jagger]], [[Eva Mendes|Eva Mendez]], [[Moby]], [[David Lynch]], [[Jennifer Aniston]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Eric André]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], [[Howard Stern]], [[Julia Fox]], [[Clint Eastwood]], [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Russell Brand]], [[Nick Cave]] and [[Oprah Winfrey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrity Meditators - Celebrities|url=https://uk.tm.org/blog-celebrities/-/asset_publisher/PEXz6kDD8Gc5/blog/celebrity-meditators|access-date=2021-05-10|website=uk.tm.org}}<br>{{Citation|title=Eric Andre Goes Undercover on Reddit, YouTube and Twitter {{!}} GQ| date=6 April 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e739fBD1Zsw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/e739fBD1Zsw| archive-date=2021-10-30|language=en|access-date=2021-05-10}}{{cbignore}}<br>{{Citation|title=Bob Roth Interviews Jerry Seinfeld on "Success Without Stress"| date=5 November 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeRdy6LrOAI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/IeRdy6LrOAI| archive-date=2021-10-30|language=en|access-date=2021-05-10}}{{cbignore}}<br>{{Citation|title=Clint Eastwood on the benefits the Transcendental Meditation technique has had on his life| date=12 July 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utmo3k-mMm8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/utmo3k-mMm8| archive-date=2021-10-30|language=en|access-date=2021-05-10}}{{cbignore}}<br>{{Citation|title=Martin Scorsese & Ray Dalio on Creativity, TM & Success {{!}} Highlights {{!}} David Lynch Foundation| date=16 January 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-kJvsQh8Ak| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/5-kJvsQh8Ak| archive-date=2021-10-30|language=en|access-date=2021-05-10}}{{cbignore}}<br>{{Citation|title=Russell Brand talks about Transcendental Meditation at Operation Warrior Wellness launch| date=3 March 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTG4UcxR_8M| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/zTG4UcxR_8M| archive-date=2021-10-30|language=en|access-date=2021-05-10}}{{cbignore}}<br>{{Cite web|last=Stieg|first=Cory|date=2020-01-07|title=Oprah, Ray Dalio and Lady Gaga swear by this simple meditation technique|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/06/celebs-who-do-transcendental-meditation-oprah-ray-dalio-lady-gaga.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=CNBC|language=en}}<br>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-01|title=25 Celebrities Who Know Transcendental Meditation|url=https://maharishischool.org/school-news-blogs/25-celebrities-who-know-transcendental-meditation/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Maharishi School|language=en-US}}<br>{{Cite web |last=Cairns |first=Molly |date=2019-11-05 |title=Nick Cave - The Red Hand Files - Issue #69 - How do I stop fearing the end of the world? |url=https://www.theredhandfiles.com/fearing-the-end-of-the-world/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Red Hand Files |language=en-AU}}</ref>