Editing Trade union (section)

=== Trade guilds ===
A ''collegium'' was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a [[Legal person|legal entity]]. Following the passage of the ''[[Lex Julia]]'' during the reign of Julius Caesar (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of [[Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] (27 BC–14 AD), ''collegia'' required the approval of the [[Roman Senate]] or the Roman emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies.<ref name="de Ligt 2001">{{Cite journal|last=de Ligt|first=L.|date=2001|title=D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41539517|journal=Latomus|volume=60|issue=2|pages=346–349|jstor=41539517|issn=0023-8856}}</ref> Ruins at [[Lambaesis]] date the formation of burial societies among Roman Army soldiers and [[Roman navy|Roman Navy]] mariners to the reign of [[Septimius Severus]] (193–211) in 198 AD.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ginsburg|first=Michael|year=1940|title=Roman military clubs and their social functions|journal=[[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association]]|volume=71|pages=149–156|doi=10.2307/283119|jstor=283119}}</ref> In September 2011, archaeological investigations done at the site of the artificial harbor [[Portus]] in Rome revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of [[Trajan]] (98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild.<ref>{{cite news|last=Welsh|first=Jennifer|date=September 23, 2011|title=Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy|website=[[Live Science]]|publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]|url=http://www.livescience.com/16201-rome-ancient-shipyard.html|access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref> Rome's [[Ostia Antica|La Ostia port]] was home to a guildhall for a ''corpus naviculariorum'', a ''collegium'' of merchant mariners.<ref>{{cite book|last=Epstein|first=Steven A.|year=1995|title=Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe|place=[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]]|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=10–49|isbn=978-0807844984}}</ref> ''Collegium'' also included fraternities of [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman priests]] overseeing [[Sacrificium Romanam|ritual sacrifice]]s, practising [[augury]], keeping scriptures, arranging festivals, and maintaining specific religious cults.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lintott|first=Andrew|title=The Constitution of the Roman Republic|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|location=Oxford|pages=183–186|isbn=978-0198150688}}</ref>