Editing Tonkin (section)

==History==
{{More|History of Vietnam}}
[[File:Map of Tonkin 1873.png|thumb|1873 map of the deltaic plain of Tonkin region (northern Vietnam).]]

The area was called [[Văn Lang]] from around 2000−200 BC. Evidence of the earliest established society in northern Vietnam, along with the [[Đông Sơn culture]], was discovered in the [[Cổ Loa Citadel]] area, located near present-day [[Hanoi]] (the capital city of Vietnam).{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

According to [[Vietnamese mythology|Vietnamese myths]] the first Vietnamese peoples descended from the Dragon Lord [[Lạc Long Quân]] and the Immortal Goddess [[Âu Cơ]]. Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before they decided to part ways. 50 of the children went with their mother to the mountains, and the other 50 went with their father to the sea. The eldest son became the first in a line of earliest Vietnamese kings, collectively known as the [[Hùng king]]s of the [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]]. The country was called Văn Lang and its people were referred to as the [[Lạc Việt]].

By the 3rd century BC, another Viet group, the [[Âu Việt]], emigrated to the Red River delta and mixed with the indigenous population. A new kingdom, [[Âu Lạc]], emerged as the union of the Âu Việt and the Lạc Việt, with Thục Phán proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].

Âu Lạc was annexed into [[Nanyue|Nam Việt]] kingdom of [[Zhao Tuo|Triệu Đà]]. After the [[Triệu dynasty]], this region started to be officially [[Vietnam under Chinese rule|under Chinese rule]]. In pre-[[Tang dynasty|Tang]] times Tonkin was the port of call for ships on the [[South China Sea]], though the center of commerce later moved north to [[Guangdong]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schafer |first1=Edward H. |title=The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tang Exotics |date=1963 |publisher=University of California Press |page=14 |isbn=978-0-520-05462-2}}</ref>

The victory of [[Ngô Quyền]] at the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Battle of Bạch Đằng]] in 938 ushered a new era of independence of Vietnam. The [[Ngô dynasty]] was followed by the [[Đinh dynasty|Đinh]], [[Early Lê dynasty|Early Lê]], [[Lý dynasty|Lý]], [[Trần dynasty|Trần]], and [[Hồ dynasty|Hồ]].

===15th and 16th centuries===
[[Lê Lợi]] (reigned 1428–1433), a notable landowner in the Lam Sơn region, had a following of more than 1,000 people before rising up against [[Fourth Era of Northern Domination|rule]] of the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]]. Following his victory he mounted the throne and established himself in the city of Thăng Long ('Ascending Dragon'), present [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]]. Thăng Long was also called ''Đông Kinh'' [[wiktionary:東|東]][[wiktionary:京|京]], meaning 'Eastern Capital' (東京 is identical in meaning and written form in Chinese characters to that of [[Tokyo]]).<ref>Hữu Ngọc "Wandering through Vietnamese Culture". Thế giới publishers, 2004, reprinted April 2006 & 2008, 1 124 pp. {{ISBN|90-78239-01-8}}</ref><ref>Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: ''Vietnam Past and Present: The North'' (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.</ref>

===17th and 18th centuries===
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Westerners commonly used the name Tonkin (from ''Đông Kinh'') to refer to ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' in the North, ruled by the [[Trịnh lords]]. ''Đàng Ngoài'', or ''Bắc Hà'', included not only the delta of the Red River, but also the deltas of the [[Mã River]] and [[Cả River]]. Meanwhile, [[Cochinchina]] or Quinan was used to refer to ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' in the South, ruled by the [[Nguyễn lords]]; and [[Names of Vietnam|Annam]], from the name of the [[Annam (province)|former Chinese province]], was used to refer to Vietnam as a whole.<ref>Bruce McFarland Lockhart, William J. Duiker, ''The A to Z of Viêt Nam'', Scarecrow Press, 2010, pages 40, 365-366</ref>

===19th and 20th centuries===
{{More||Tonkin campaign|Tonkin (French protectorate)}}
[[File:France & Colonies-1894-delta du Song-Koï.jpg|thumb|1894 map of [[Hong River Delta|Red River Delta]] in [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Tonkin]].]]

After [[French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh]] to unify Vietnam under the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], the [[French Navy]] began its heavy presence in [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]], including [[Saigon]], and later colonized the whole of this southern third of Vietnam in 1867.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

During the [[Sino-French War]] (1884–1885), Tonkin, then considered a crucial foothold in Southeast Asia and a key to the Chinese market, was invaded by the French in the [[Tonkin Campaign]]. It was colonized as the [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Tonkin]], and was gradually separated from the [[Annam (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Annam]], with Vietnam being effectively separated into three parts.<ref>Pierre Brocheux et Daniel Hémery, Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858-1954, La Découverte, 2004, p. 78-81</ref>

During French colonial rule within [[French Indochina]], [[Hanoi]] was the capital of Tonkin protectorate, and in 1901 became the capital of all French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, & Vietnam). French colonial administration ruled until 9 March 1945, including 1941-1945 during the [[World War II]] [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam]]. French administration was allowed by the Japanese as a puppet government. Japan briefly took full control of Vietnam in March 1945, as the [[Empire of Vietnam]]. Tonkin became a site of the [[Vietnamese famine of 1945]] during this period.<ref>[http://www.net4war.com/e-revue/dossiers/2gm/indochine-sgm/indochine-sgm-01.htm ''L'Indochine française pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205122644/http://www.net4war.com/e-revue/dossiers/2gm/indochine-sgm/indochine-sgm-01.htm |date=2012-02-05 }}, Jean-Philippe Liardet</ref>

After the end of World War II, French rule returned over French Indochina. The Northern part of Vietnam became a stronghold for the communist [[Việt Minh|Viet Minh]]. Hanoi was later reoccupied by the French and conflict between the Viet Minh and France broke out into the [[First Indochina War]]. In 1949 it came under the authority of the [[State of Vietnam]], a new [[associated state]] of the [[French Union]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

After the French defeat at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] in western Tonkin, and signature of [[Geneva Accords (1954)|Geneva accords]] in 1954, the communist nation of [[North Vietnam]] was formed, consisting of Tonkin and northern Annam. The State of Vietnam's territory was reduced to the southern half of the country, becoming [[South Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1964, the US and North Vietnamese were involved in a battle off the coast, known as the [[Gulf of Tonkin Incident]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fujimoto |first1=Hiroshi |title=The Legacy of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident |journal=Nanzan Review of American Studies |date=2014 |volume=36 |pages=113–121|via=[[CORE (research service)|Connecting Repositories]]|url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/236156146}}</ref>