Editing Tokugawa shogunate (section)

=== Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867) ===
{{main|Bakumatsu}}
[[File:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg|thumb|[[Samurai]] of the [[Shimazu clan]]]]
The late Tokugawa shogunate ({{langx|ja|幕末}} ''Bakumatsu'') was the period between 1853 and 1867, during which Japan ended its [[isolationist foreign policy]] called ''[[sakoku]]'' and modernized from a [[feudal]] shogunate to the [[Meiji period|Meiji government]]. The 1850s saw growing resentment by the ''[[tozama daimyō]]s'' and [[anti-Western sentiment]] following the arrival of a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] fleet under the command of [[Matthew C. Perry]] (which led to the forced opening of Japan). The major ideological and political factions during this period were divided into the pro-imperialist ''[[Ishin Shishi]]'' ([[nationalist]] [[Patriotism|patriots]]) and the shogunate forces; aside from the dominant two groups, other factions attempted to use the chaos of the Bakumatsu era to seize personal power.<ref name="SHINSENGUMI">{{Cite book |last=Hillsborough |first=Romulus |title=Shinsengumi: the shōgun's last samurai corps |date=2005 |publisher=Tuttle Pub |isbn=978-0-8048-3627-2 |edition=1st |location=North Clarendon, VT}}</ref>

An alliance of ''daimyos'' and the emperor succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate, which came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shogun'','' [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], leading to the "restoration" ([[:ja:王政復古 (日本)|王政復古]], ''Ōsei fukko'') of imperial rule. Some loyal retainers of the shogun continued to fight during the [[Boshin War]] that followed but were eventually defeated in the notable [[Battle of Toba–Fushimi]].<ref name="LS">{{Cite book |last=Ravina |first=Mark |title=The last samurai: the life and battles of Saigō Takamori |date=2004 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-70537-6 |location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref>