Editing Tobacco smoking (section)

===Popularization===
{{For|more about the commercial development of tobacco|History of commercial tobacco in the United States}}

[[File:Gentlemen Smoking and Playing Backgammon in a Tavern, Dirck Hals 1627.png|thumb|left|upright=1.05|''Gentlemen Smoking and Playing Backgammon in a Tavern'' by [[Dirck Hals]], 1627]]

In 1612, six years after the settlement of [[Jamestown, Virginia]], [[John Rolfe]] was credited as the first settler to successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco, referred to as "brown gold", revived the [[Virginia joint stock company]] from its failed gold expeditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Ervin L. Jr.|title=Jamestown, Virginia, 1607–1907: An Overview|url=http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/socialstudies/projects/jvc/overview.html|access-date=22 February 2009|publisher=University of Virginia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017223417/http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/socialstudies/projects/jvc/overview.html|archive-date=17 October 2002}}</ref> To meet demands from the Old World, tobacco was grown in succession, quickly depleting the soil. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent, and likewise an expansion of tobacco production.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kulikoff|first=Allan|title=Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake|url=https://archive.org/details/tobaccoslavesdev0000kuli|url-access=registration|quote=Tobacco & Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake.|access-date=22 March 2009|date=1 August 1986|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4224-9}}</ref>

Frenchman [[Jean Nicot]] (from whose name the word nicotine is derived) introduced tobacco to France in 1560, and tobacco then spread to England. The first report of a smoking Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils".<ref name="L&M"/> Like tea, coffee, and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants that was originally used as a form of medicine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gilman|Xun|2004|p=38}}</ref> Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what today is modern-day Gambia and Senegal. At the same time, caravans from Morocco brought tobacco to the areas around [[Timbuktu]], and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by the 1650s.

Soon after its introduction to the Old World, tobacco came under frequent criticism from state and religious leaders. [[James VI and I]], King of Scotland and England, produced the treatise ''[[A Counterblaste to Tobacco]]'' in 1604, and also introduced excise duty on the product. [[Murad IV]], sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]] 1623–40 was among the first to attempt a smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public morals and health. The [[Chongzhen Emperor]] of China issued an edict banning smoking two years before his death and the overthrow of the [[Ming dynasty]]. Later, the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] rulers of the [[Qing dynasty]], would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime than that even of neglecting archery". In [[Edo period]] Japan, some of the earliest tobacco plantations were scorned by the [[shogunate]] as being a threat to the military economy by letting valuable farmland go to waste for the use of a recreational drug instead of being used to plant food crops.<ref name="Screech-Smoke">{{Harvnb|Gilman|Xun|2004|pp=92–99}}</ref>

[[File:Bonsack machine.png|thumb|Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine, as shown on U.S. patent 238,640]]

Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral or outright blasphemous. In 1634, the [[Patriarch of Moscow]] forbade the sale of tobacco, and sentenced men and women who flouted the ban to have their nostrils slit and their backs flayed. Pope [[Urban VIII]] likewise condemned smoking on holy places in a papal bull of 1624. Despite some concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were largely ignored. When [[James I of England]], a staunch smoking opponent and the author of ''[[A Counterblaste to Tobacco]]'', tried to curb the new trend by enforcing a 4000% tax increase on tobacco in 1604 it was unsuccessful, as suggested by the presence of around 7,000 tobacco outlets in London by the early 17th century. From this point on for some centuries, several administrations withdrew from efforts at discouragement and instead turned tobacco trade and cultivation into sometimes lucrative government monopolies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gilman|Xun|2004|pp=15–16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=King James I of England|title=A Counterblaste to Tobacco|url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/james/blaste/|access-date=22 March 2009|date=16 April 2002|orig-year=1604|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|archive-date=18 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518062807/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/james/blaste/|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the mid-17th century, most major civilizations had been introduced to tobacco smoking and in many cases had already assimilated it into the native culture, despite some continued attempts upon the parts of rulers to eliminate the practice with penalties or fines. Tobacco, both product and plant, followed the major trade routes to major ports and markets, and then into the hinterlands. The English language term ''smoking'' appears to have entered currency in the late 18th century, before which less abbreviated descriptions of the practice such as ''drinking smoke'' were also in use.<ref name="L&M">{{Cite book|first1=John|last1=Lloyd|first2=John|last2=Mitchinson|title=The Book of General Ignorance|date=25 July 2008|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-39491-0|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgeneralign00lloy}}</ref>

Growth in the US remained stable until the American Civil War in the 1860s when the primary agricultural workforce shifted from [[slavery]] to [[sharecropping]]. This, along with a change in demand, accompanied the industrialization of cigarette production as craftsman [[James Bonsack]] created a machine in 1881 to partially automate their manufacture.<ref name="Burns134-135">{{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Eric|title=The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZfqS7vi9vEC&q=The+Smoke+of+the+Gods:+A+Social+History+of+Tobacco|access-date=22 March 2009|date=28 September 2006|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-480-9|pages=134–135|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080727/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZfqS7vi9vEC&q=The+Smoke+of+the+Gods:+A+Social+History+of+Tobacco|url-status=live}}</ref>