Editing Tissaphernes (section)

== Civil war ==
On the death of [[Darius II]] in 404 BC, [[Artaxerxes II]] was crowned king of [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]]. Tissaphernes, who found out about [[Cyrus the Younger]]'s plan to assassinate his brother, informed the king about the conspiracy, who then had Cyrus imprisoned. But by the intercession of his mother [[Parysatis]], Cyrus was pardoned and sent back to his satrapy. According to Plutarch, "his resentment for [his arrest] made him more eagerly desirous of the kingdom than before."<ref name="Plutarch's Artaxerxes">Plutarch. Ed. by A.H. Clough. "Artaxerxes," ''Plutarch's Lives''. 1996. [http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/674/pg674.html Project Gutenberg]</ref>

With the desire for revenge, Cyrus gathered a large army and pretended to prepare an expedition against the [[Pisidia]]ns, a tribe based in the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus mountains]].

[[File:MYSIA, Astyra. Tissaphernes coin. Circa 400-395 BC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Coin of Tissaphernes, with ΤΙΣΣΑ ("TISSA") clearly visible below neck. [[Astyra (Aeolis)|Astyra, Mysia]].  Circa 400-395 BC]]
In the spring of 401 BC, Cyrus united all his forces into an army, which now included [[Xenophon]]'s "[[Ten Thousand]]", and advanced from [[Sardis]] without announcing the object of his expedition. By dexterous management and promises of large rewards, he overcame the misgivings of the Greek troops over the length and danger of the war. A Spartan fleet of 35 [[trireme]]s sent to [[Cilicia]] opened the passes of the [[Amanus]] into [[Syria]] and a Spartan detachment of 700 men under [[Cheirisophus (general)|Cheirisophus]] was conveyed to Cyrus. However, Tissaphernes managed to warn Artaxerxes II and quickly gathered together an army. Cyrus advanced into [[Babylonia]] before he met with any opposition. In October 401 BC, the [[Battle of Cunaxa]] ensued.{{sfn|Meyer|1911}} Cyrus had 10,400 Greek [[hoplite]]s (heavy-armed citizen-soldiers), 2,500 [[peltast]]s (light infantry) and an Asiatic army of approximately 10,000 under the command of [[Ariaeus]].

Cyrus saw that the outcome depended on the fate of the king. He therefore wanted [[Clearchus of Sparta]], the commander of the Greeks, to take the centre against Artaxerxes. Clearchus, out of arrogance, disobeyed. As a result, the left wing of the Persians under Tissaphernes was free to engage the rest of Cyrus' forces. Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes, but was slain. Tissaphernes claimed to have killed the rebel himself.

The Greek soldiers of Cyrus, once they heard about the news of his death, realised that they were in the middle of a massive empire with no provisions, no one to finance them, and no reliable allies amongst the Persian nobles. They offered to make their Persian ally, [[Ariaeus]], king, but he refused on the grounds that he was not of royal blood and so would not find enough support among the Persians to succeed. They then offered their services to Tissaphernes, but he refused. However, the Greeks refused to surrender to him.

Tissaphernes was left with a problem: he faced a large army of heavy troops that he could not defeat by frontal assault. He supplied them with food and, after a long wait, led them northwards for home, meanwhile detaching the Persian general [[Ariaeus]] and his light troops from the Greeks. The senior Greek officers foolishly accepted an invitation from Tissaphernes to attend a feast. There they were made prisoners, taken before the king, and decapitated. As a reward for his loyalty, Artaxerxes gave Tissaphernes one of his own daughters in marriage and restored him as governor of [[Lydia (satrapy)|Lydia]] and as the commander-in-chief of the [[Persian army]] in [[Asia Minor]].<ref name="iranicaonline.org">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cirafarnah-elamite ''ČIΘRAFARNAH'', Rüdiger Schmitt, '''Encyclopaedia Iranica''']</ref>