Editing Thutmose III (section)

==Dates and length of reign==
[[Image:Thutmose III and Hatshepsut.jpg|thumb|Relief from the [[Chapelle Rouge|Red Chapel]] showing Thutmose III following [[Hatshepsut]].]]
[[File:ThutmosesIII-AnnalsOfThutmosesIII-Karnak.png|thumb|upright|[[Annals of Thutmose III]] at Karnak depicting him standing before the offerings made to him after his foreign campaigns]]

Thutmose III reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC according to the [[Egyptian chronology|Low Chronology]] of [[Ancient Egypt]]. This has been the [[conventional Egyptian chronology]] in academic circles since the 1960s,<ref>Campbell, Edward Fay Jr. ''The Chronology of the Amarna Letters with Special Reference to the Hypothetical Coregency of Amenophis III and Akhenaten.'' p. 5. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1964.</ref> though in some circles the older dates 1504 BC to 1450 BC are preferred from the High Chronology of Egypt.<ref name="Lipinska 401">Lipinska, Jadwiga. "Thutmose III", p. 401. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.'' Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 3, pp. 401–403. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref> These dates, just as all the dates of the Eighteenth Dynasty, are open to dispute because of uncertainty about the circumstances surrounding the recording of a [[Sothic cycle|Heliacal Rise]] of [[Sirius|Sothis]] in the reign of [[Amenhotep I]].<ref>Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p. 202. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> A papyrus from Amenhotep I's reign records this astronomical observation which theoretically could be used to perfectly correlate the Egyptian chronology with the modern calendar; however, to do this the [[latitude]] where the observation was taken must also be known. This document has no note of the place of observation,{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} but it can safely be assumed that it was taken in either a [[Nile Delta|Delta]] city, such as Memphis or Heliopolis, or in Thebes. These two latitudes give dates 20 years apart, the High and Low chronologies, respectively.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

=== Year 54 ===
The length of Thutmose III's reign is known to the day thanks to findings in the tomb of the military commander Amenemheb-Mahu.<ref>Redford, Donald B. ''The Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty.'' Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol 25, No 2. p. 119. University of Chicago Press, 1966.</ref> Amenemheb-Mahu records Thutmose III's death to his master's 54th regnal year,<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt,'' Vol. II p. 234. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> on the 30th day of the third month of ''[[Season of the Emergence|Peret]]''.<ref>Murnane, William J. ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies.'' p. 44. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977.</ref> The day of Thutmose III's accession is known to be I Shemu day four, and astronomical observations can be used to establish the exact dates of the beginning and end of the king's reign (assuming the low chronology) from 28 April 1479&nbsp;BC to 11 March 1425&nbsp;BC respectively.<ref>[[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz, Philipp von Zabern, 1997. p. 189</ref>