Editing Thurstan (section)

==Archbishop==

One of the main weaknesses of the [[Archbishop of York|see of York]] was its lack of suffragan bishops.<ref name=Rose124>Rose "Cumbrian Society" ''Studies in Church History'' p. 124</ref> Thurstan managed to secure the resurrection of the [[Bishop of Galloway|Diocese of Galloway]],<ref name=DNB/> or Whithorn, in 1125.<ref name=Rose124/> It is possible that he compromised with [[Fergus of Galloway]], who was the lord or sub-king of Galloway, in what is now Scotland. In this Thurstan secured another suffragan, and Fergus gained a bishop in his lordship, where previously ecclesiastical matters in his subkingdom had been handled by Scottish bishops. The first bishop was the [[Galwegian Gaelic|native Galwegian]]&nbsp;– [[Gille Aldan|Gilla Aldan]].<ref name="DNB" /> This provoked the wrath of [[Wimund|Wimund, Bishop of the Isles]], who had previously had jurisdiction over Galloway; but the new bishopric survived, and York had a new suffragan, an important step in the battle between York and Canterbury over the primacy, which was mainly a battle over the prestige of their respective sees. The number of bishops subject to either archbishop was an important factor in the reputation of each.<ref name=Church41>Barlow ''English Church'' pp. 40–41</ref> In 1133, Thurstan, who had received papal permission to found an entirely new diocese, consecrated [[Æthelwold of Carlisle|Æthelwold]] as the first bishop of the new [[Diocese of Carlisle|see of Carlisle]].<ref name=DNB/>

Thurstan refused to accept that the new Archbishop of Canterbury, [[William de Corbeil]], was his superior, and did not help with William's consecration. The dispute between the two continued, and both archbishops carried their complaints in person to Rome twice. In 1126, [[Pope Honorius II]] ruled in favour of York.<ref name=Duggan98>Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" ''English Church and the Papacy'' p. 98</ref> The pope based his decision on the fact that Canterbury's supporting documents had been forged.<ref name=Poole184>Poole ''Domesday to Magna Carta'' p. 184</ref>

[[File:Battle of the Standard.jpg|thumb|right|125px|A monument at the site of the Battle of the Standard, where the troops Thurstan had mustered defeated the Scots.]]

Thurstan supported King Stephen after Henry I's death in 1135, and appeared at Stephen's first court at [[Easter]] held at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]].<ref name=Powell64>Powell and Wallis ''House of Lords'' p. 64</ref> Thurstan negotiated a truce at [[Roxburgh]] in 1138 between England and Scotland. It was Thurstan who mustered the army which defeated the Scots at the Battle of the Standard on 22 August 1138 near [[Northallerton|Northallerton, Yorkshire]].<ref name=Feudal211>Barlow ''Feudal Kingdom'' p. 211</ref><ref name=Huscroft73>Huscroft ''Ruling England'' p. 73</ref> Thurstan did not take direct part in the battle., but he created the standard that gave the battle its name, by putting a ship's mast in a cart and hanging the banners of Saint Peter of York, Saint [[John of Beverley]], and Saint [[Wilfrid]] of Ripon on the mast. The Scots had invaded, attempting to aid the [[Empress Matilda]], the daughter of Henry I and Stephen's rival for the throne.<ref name=Stephen36>Davis ''King Stephen'' pp. 36–37</ref> On 21 January 1140 Thurstan resigned his see and entered the order of the Cluniacs at [[Pontefract]]<ref name="BHOYork" /> and he died there on 6 February 1140.<ref name=Handbook281/> He was buried in the church at Pontefract.<ref name=DNB/>