Editing Thermodynamic temperature (section)

== Boltzmann constant ==
The Boltzmann constant and its related formulas describe the realm of particle kinetics and velocity vectors whereas ZPE ([[zero-point energy]]) is an energy field that jostles particles in ways described by the mathematics of quantum mechanics. In atomic and molecular collisions in gases, ZPE introduces a degree of ''[[Chaos theory|chaos]]'', i.e., unpredictability, to rebound kinetics; it is as likely that there will be ''less'' ZPE-induced particle motion after a given collision as ''more''. This random nature of ZPE is why it has no net effect upon either the pressure or volume of any ''bulk quantity'' (a statistically significant quantity of particles) of gases. However, in temperature {{nowrap|1=''T'' = 0}} [[condensed matter physics|condensed matter]]; e.g., solids and liquids, ZPE causes inter-atomic jostling where atoms would otherwise be perfectly stationary. Inasmuch as the real-world effects that ZPE has on substances can vary as one alters a thermodynamic system (for example, due to ZPE, helium won't freeze unless under a pressure of at least 2.5&nbsp;[[megapascal|MPa]] (25&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bar]])), ZPE is very much a form of thermal energy and may properly be included when tallying a substance's internal energy.