Editing Thermistor (section)

== Construction and materials ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2021}}
Thermistors are typically built by using metal oxides.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162128694|title=Industrial ventilation design guidebook|date=2001|publisher=Academic|others=Howard D. Goodfellow, Esko Tähti|isbn=978-0-12-289676-7|location=San Diego, Calif.|oclc=162128694}}</ref> They're typically pressed into a bead, disk, or cylindrical shape and then encapsulated with an impermeable material such as epoxy or glass.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thermistor Basics |url=https://www.teamwavelength.com/thermistor-basics/ |website=Wavelength Electronics |publisher=Wavelength Electronics, Inc. |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>

NTC thermistors are manufactured from oxides of the [[iron group]] of metals: e.g. chromium ([[Chromium(II) oxide|CrO]], [[Chromium(III) oxide|Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]), manganese (e.g. [[Manganese(II) oxide|MnO]]), cobalt ([[Cobalt(II) oxide|CoO]]), iron ([[iron oxide]]s), and nickel ([[Nickel(II) oxide|NiO]], [[Nickel(III) oxide|Ni<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]).<ref name="Morris 2020">{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Alan S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1196195913|title=Measurement and instrumentation theory and application|date=2020|others=Reza Langari|isbn=978-0-12-817142-4|edition=Third|location=Amsterdam|chapter=Chapter 14 - Temperature measurement|oclc=1196195913}}</ref><ref name="Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56731934|title=Fatigue testing and analysis : theory and practice|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann|others=Yung-Li Lee|isbn=978-0-08-047769-5|location=Burlington, Mass.|oclc=56731934}}</ref> these oxides form a ceramic body with terminals composed of conductive metals such as silver, nickel, and tin.

PTC thermistors are usually prepared from [[barium]] (Ba), [[strontium]], or [[lead titanate]]s (e.g. PbTiO<sub>3</sub>).<ref name="Morris 2020"/><ref name="Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann"/>

Thermistors can also be produced by resonant acoustic mixing of the previously mentioned oxides, followed by a sintering process. This effort reduces production time and can eliminate the calcination step entirely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yüksel Price |first=Berat |last2=Kennedy |first2=Stuart R. |date=2022-05-01 |title=Resonant acoustic-mixing technology as a novel method for production of negative-temperature coefficient thermistors |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10854-022-08110-2 |journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics |language=en |volume=33 |issue=14 |pages=11380–11391 |doi=10.1007/s10854-022-08110-2 |issn=1573-482X}}</ref>