Editing Theodosius Dobzhansky (section)

===America===
Dobzhansky immigrated to the United States in 1927 on a work–study scholarship from the International Education Board of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Upon arriving in New York City on December 27, he joined the ''[[Drosophila]]'' Group at Columbia University working alongside [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] and [[Alfred Sturtevant]]. Their work provided crucial information on Drosophila cytogenetics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lewontin|first=R. C.|date=1976|title=Theodosius Dobzhansky. 1900 - 1975|journal=BioScience|volume=26|issue=2|pages=155|doi=10.2307/1297333|jstor=1297333}}</ref> Additionally, Dobzhansky and his team helped establish ''[[Drosophila pseudoobscura]]'', within the genus ''Drosophila'', as a favorable model organism in evolutionary-biological studies ever since they published their influential works.<ref name="Crow">{{cite journal |last1=Crow |first1=James F. |title=Mid-Century Controversies in Population Genetics |journal=Annual Review of Genetics |date=1 December 2008 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091612 |pmid=18652542 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091612 |access-date=8 March 2023 |language=en |issn=0066-4197}}</ref><ref>King, Robert (2012-12-06). ''Dobzhansky T, Powell JR:''Drosophila pseudoobscura ''and its American relatives,'' D. persimilis ''and'' D. miranda''. Hand Book of Genetics. Edited by: King RC. 1975, New York: Plenum, 3: 537-587''. {{ISBN|9781461571483}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Jeffrey R. |title=Progress and prospects in evolutionary biology : the Drosophila model |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0195076912}}</ref> Dobzhansky's original mindset (after studying alongside [[Yuri Filipchenko]]), was that there were serious doubts on using data obtained from phenomena happening in local populations ([[microevolution]]) and phenomena happening on a global scale ([[macroevolution]]). Filipchenko also believed that there were only two types of inheritance: [[Mendelian inheritance]] of variation within species, and Non-Mendelian inheritance of variation in a macroevolutionary sense. Dobzhansky later stated that Filipchenko "bet on the wrong horse".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hull|first=David L.|date=1994|editor-last=Adams|editor-first=Mark B.|title=Evolutionist|journal=Science|volume=266|issue=5190|pages=1589–1590|jstor=2885197|doi=10.1126/science.266.5190.1589|pmid=17841721}}</ref>

He followed Morgan to the [[California Institute of Technology]] from 1930 to 1940. On the basis of his experiments, he articulated the idea that [[reproductive isolation]] can be caused by differences in presence of microbial symbionts between populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |first2=Dorion |last2=Sagan |title=Acquiring genomes : a theory of the origins of species |date=2002 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-465-04392-5 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS-VehE00ncC&pg=PA94 |page=94}}</ref> In 1937, he published one of the major works of the [[Extended evolutionary synthesis|modern evolutionary synthesis]], the synthesis of [[evolutionary biology]] with [[genetics]], titled ''[[Genetics and the Origin of Species]]'', which amongst other things, defined [[evolution]] as "a change in the [[frequency of an allele]] within a [[gene pool]]". Dobzhansky's work was instrumental in spreading the idea that it is through mutations in genes that [[natural selection]] takes place. Also in 1937, he became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States. During this time, he had a very public falling out with one of his ''Drosophila'' collaborators, [[Alfred Sturtevant]], based primarily in professional competition.

He returned to [[Columbia University]] from 1940 to 1962. Among his students was geneticist [[Bruce Wallace (geneticist)|Bruce Wallace]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-05-01 |title=In Memory of Bruce Wallace: 1920–2015 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=331–332 |doi=10.1093/jhered/esv024 |pmid=26086052 |issn=0022-1503|last1=MacIntyre |first1=R. J. |last2=Gearhart |first2=J. D. |last3=Effron |first3=J. W. |last4=O' Brien |first4=S. J. |last5=Fogleman |first5=J. |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1941, Dobzhansky was awarded the [[Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], of which he was also a member.<ref name="Elliot">{{cite web|title=Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=16 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801121352/http://nas.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot|archive-date=1 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theodosius Dobzhansky |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001026.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Theodosius+Dobzhansky&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> In 1943, the [[University of São Paulo]] awarded him an [[honorary doctorate]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://biton.uspnet.usp.br/secretaria/wp-content/uploads/honoris1934a1948.pdf| title = Honorary Doctorates between the decades of 1940s and 1950s from the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil}}</ref> He was one of the signatories of the 1950 [[UNESCO]] statement ''[[The Race Question]]''. He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theodosius Dobzhansky |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/theodosius-dobzhansky |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He then moved to the Rockefeller Institute (shortly to become [[Rockefeller University]]) until his retirement in 1971. In 1972 he was elected the founding president of the [[Behavior Genetics Association]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bga.org/pages/52/Historical_table_of_BGA_Meetings.htm|title=Historical table of BGA Meetingsl|website=Bga.org|access-date=2 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604224702/http://www.bga.org/pages/52/Historical_table_of_BGA_Meetings.htm|archive-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> and was recognized by the society for his role in [[behavior genetics]], and the founding of the society by the creation of the Dobzhansky Award (for a lifetime of outstanding scholarship in behavior genetics).

Dobzhansky's work in the field of evolutionary genetics, with the help of [[Sewall Wright]], integrated standards of the theoretical, natural historical, and experimental work.<ref name=":1" />

Dobzhansky was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1965|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965]].<ref name="formemrs" /> In 1970, he published ''Genetics of the evolutionary process''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobzhansky |first1=Theodosius |title=Genetics of the evolutionary process |date=1970  |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-08306-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7su1R-NYwsC&q=Theodosius+Dobzhansky }}</ref>

Dobzhansky was renowned as the president of the [[Genetics Society of America]] in 1941, president of the [[American Society of Naturalists]] in 1950, president of the [[Society for the Study of Evolution]] in 1951, president of the [[American Society of Zoologists]] in 1963, a member of the board of directors of the [[American Eugenics Society]] in 1964, and president of the American [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin|Teilhard de Chardin]] Association in 1969.<ref name=":Vucinich" /><ref name=":2" />

Dobzhansky's research and studies allowed him to travel the world and receive honorary degrees in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Sweden.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1977|title=Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=111|issue=977|pages=1–2|jstor=2459974|doi=10.1086/283133|bibcode=1977ANat..111....1. |s2cid=36378854}}</ref>