Editing The Rolling Stones (section)

===1962–1964: Building a following===
[[File:Early Rolling Stones.jpg|thumb|The Rolling Stones in 1963. Left to Right: Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards]]
The band played their first show billed as "the Rollin' Stones" on 12 July 1962, at the [[Marquee Club]] in London.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Palmer|first=Robert|date=23 June 1983|title=Muddy Waters: 1915–1983|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/muddy-waters-1915-1983-112658/|access-date=23 December 2020|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|url-access=limited}}</ref>{{sfn|Wyman|2002|pp=36–37}}<ref name=":192">Faulk, B. J. (2011). New Left in Victorian Drag: "The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus". ''Texas Studies In Literature & Language'', ''53''(2), 138–158.</ref>{{efn|[[Mick Avory]] himself has categorically denied "on many occasions"<ref>Karnbach, James; Bernson, Carol (1997). ''It's Only Rock 'n' Roll, The Ultimate Guide To The Rolling Stones''. Facts On File. Inc. New York. NY. 1997. {{isbn|978-0-816-03547-2}}.</ref> that he played with the Rollin' Stones that night. In fact he only rehearsed twice with them in the Bricklayers Arms pub, before they became known as the Rollin' Stones.<ref name=":110">Wyman, Bill. ''Rolling With the Stones'' New York: DK Publishing, 2002. 36. Print</ref>}} At the time, the band consisted of Jones, Jagger, Richards, Stewart, and Taylor.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Doyle|first=Patrick|date=12 July 2012|title=50 Years Ago Today, the Rolling Stones Played Their First Gig|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/50-years-ago-today-the-rolling-stones-played-their-first-gig-242877/|access-date=23 December 2020|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[Bill Wyman]] auditioned for the role of bass guitarist at a pub in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] on 7 December 1962 and was hired as a successor to Dick Taylor. The band were impressed by his instrument and amplifiers (including the [[Vox (company)|Vox]] [[AC30]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Greene|first=Andy|title=Watch Bill Wyman Explain How He Joined the Rolling Stones in 1962 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bill-wyman-the-quiet-one-rolling-stones-clip-850248/ |access-date=25 August 2021 |magazine=Rolling Stone|url-access=limited|date=21 June 2019}}</ref> The classic line-up of the Rolling Stones, with Charlie Watts on drums, played for the first time in public on Saturday, 12 January 1963 at the Ealing Jazz Club.{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=51}} However, it was not until a gig there on 2 February 1963 that Watts became the Stones' permanent drummer.<ref>{{citation| last = Richards| first = Keith| author-link = Keith Richards| title = Life| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson|date=2010| page = 121 | isbn = 978-0-297-85439-5}}</ref>

[[File:Crawdaddy club richmond 2014.jpg|thumb|left|The backroom of the former [[Crawdaddy Club]] in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], London, where the Rolling Stones had their first residency, beginning in February 1963]]

Shortly afterwards, the band began their first tour of the UK, performing [[Chicago blues]], including songs by [[Chuck Berry]] and [[Bo Diddley]].{{sfn|Bockris|1992|pp=42–43}} By 1963, they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity.<ref>Wyman, Bill. ''Rolling With the Stones'' New York: DK Publishing, 2002. 122. Print</ref> In 1964, they beat [[the Beatles]] as the number one United Kingdom band in two surveys.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Mick Jagger|encyclopedia=Contemporary Musicians|last1=Goldsworthy|first1=Joan|last2=Paulson|first2=Linda Dailey|year=2005|publisher=Thomson Gale|editor-last=Pilchak|editor-first=Angela M.|volume=53|page=104|isbn=0787680664|issn=1044-2197}}</ref> The band's name was changed shortly after their first gig to the Rolling Stones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141117-the-rolling-stones-in-private |title=The Rolling Stones up close |last=Januszczak |first=Waldemar |access-date=6 October 2017|website=BBC|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/rolling-stones |title=The Rolling Stones|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> Their acting manager, [[Giorgio Gomelsky]], secured a Sunday afternoon residency at the [[Crawdaddy Club]] in [[Richmond, London]], in February 1963.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Covach |first1=John |last2=Coelho |first2=Victor |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Rolling Stones |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=6}}</ref>

In May 1963, the Rolling Stones signed [[Andrew Loog Oldham]] as their manager.<ref name=andrew-loog-oldham>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/andrew-loog-oldham |title=Andrew Loog Oldham|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame |access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> He had been directed to them by his previous clients, the Beatles.<ref name=":192"/>{{sfn|Nelson|2010|p=20}} Oldham, then 19, had not reached the [[age of majority]]—he was also younger than anyone in the band— and so could not obtain an agent's licence or sign any contracts without his mother co-signing.{{sfn|Nelson|2010|p=20}} By necessity he joined with booking agent [[Eric Easton]]{{sfn|Wyman|1990|p=123}} to secure record financing and assistance booking venues.<ref name=andrew-loog-oldham/> Gomelsky, who had no written agreement with the band, was not consulted.{{sfn|Wyman|1990|pp=135–136}}

Oldham initially tried applying the strategy used by [[Brian Epstein]], the manager of the Beatles, and have the Rolling Stones wear suits. He later changed his mind and imagined a band that contrasted with the Beatles, featuring unmatched clothing, long hair, and an unclean appearance. He wanted to make the Stones "a raunchy, gamy, unpredictable bunch of undesirables" and to "establish that the Stones were threatening, uncouth and animalistic".{{sfn|Szatmary|2014|p=123}} One of Oldham's first acts as manager was to remove Stewart from the official line-up, though he would be retained as the band's road manager and would continue to provide keyboards in the studio and live (initially off-stage, he would eventually play with the band on stage by the mid-1970s).{{sfn|Oldham|2000|p=222}} Oldham later said of this decision, "Well, he just doesn't look the part, and six is too many for [fans] to remember the faces in the picture."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Greenfield|first=Robert|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/keith-richards-the-rolling-stone-interview-19710819|title=Keith Richard: The Rolling Stone Interview|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418035746/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/keith-richards-the-rolling-stone-interview-19710819|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status=live|url-access=limited|date=19 August 1971}}</ref> Oldham also reduced the band members' ages in publicity material to make them appear as teenagers.{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=79}}

[[Decca Records]], which had declined to sign a deal with the Beatles, gave the Rolling Stones a recording contract with favourable terms.{{sfn|Nelson|2010|p=22}} The band were to receive a royalty rate three times as high as that typically given to a new act, full artistic control of recordings, and ownership of the [[Audio mastering|recording master tapes]].{{sfn|Oldham|2000|pp=205, 212}}{{sfn|Jagger|Richards|Watts|Wood|2003|p=68}} The deal also let the band use non-Decca recording studios. Regent Sound Studios, a mono facility equipped with egg boxes on the ceiling for sound treatment, became their preferred location.{{sfn|Oldham|2000|pp=209–210, 212}}{{sfn|Coral|Hinckley|Rodman|1995}} Oldham, who had no recording experience but made himself the band's producer, said Regent had a sound that "leaked, instrument-to-instrument, the right way" creating a "wall of noise" that worked well for the band.{{sfn|Jagger|Richards|Watts|Wood|2003|p=68}}{{sfn|Oldham|2000|pp=252–253}} Because of Regent's low booking rates, the band could record for extended periods rather than the usual three-hour blocks common at other studios. All tracks on the first Rolling Stones album, ''[[The Rolling Stones (album)|The Rolling Stones]]'', were recorded there.{{sfn|Nelson|2010|p=26}}{{sfn|Oldham|2000|p=213}}

Oldham contrasted the Rolling Stones' independence with the Beatles' obligation to record in [[EMI]]'s studios, saying it made the Beatles appear as "mere mortals&nbsp;... sweating in the studio for the man".{{sfn|Oldham|2000|p=205}} He promoted the Rolling Stones as the nasty counterpoint to the Beatles, by having the band pose unsmiling on the cover of their first album. He also encouraged the press to use provocative headlines such as: "Would you let your daughter marry a Rolling Stone?"{{sfn|Marshall|2012|p=22}}{{sfn|Wyman|1990|p=136}} In contrast, Wyman says: "Our reputation and image as the Bad Boys came later, completely there, accidentally.&nbsp;... [Oldham] never did engineer it. He simply exploited it exhaustively."{{sfn|Wyman|1990|p=133}} In a 1971 interview, Wyman stated, "We were the first pop group to break away from the whole [[Cliff Richard]] thing where the bands did little dance steps, wore identical uniforms and had snappy patter."<ref>{{cite news|title=Living with Superstardom: The Stones Bill Wyman says 'It Keeps Getting Harder'|date=6 November 1971|newspaper=Billboard |page=29}}</ref>

A cover version of [[Chuck Berry]]'s "[[Come On (Chuck Berry song)|Come On]]" was the Rolling Stones' first [[Single (music)|single]], released on 7 June 1963. The band refused to play it at live gigs,{{sfn|Wyman|1990|p=139}} and Decca bought only one ad to promote the record. At Oldham's direction, fan-club members bought copies at record shops polled by the charts,{{sfn|Oldham|2000|p=221}} helping "Come On" rise to number&nbsp;21 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dooley|first=Sean Patrick|url=http://www2.gibson.com/News-Lifestyle/Features/en-us/day-in-music-1025.aspx|title=This Day in Music Spotlight: Rolling Stones Riot on Ed Sullivan|work=gibson.com|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130131204013/http://www2.gibson.com/News-Lifestyle/Features/en-us/day-in-music-1025.aspx|date=25 October 2010|archive-date=31 January 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> Having a charting single gave the band entrée to play outside London, starting with a booking at the Outlook Club in [[Middlesbrough]] on 13 July, sharing the billing with [[the Hollies]].{{sfn|Haslam|2015|p=91}}{{efn|Wyman's book ''Rolling With The Stones'' incorrectly states the band played the Alcove club that night.{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=65}}}} Later in 1963, Oldham and Easton arranged the band's first big UK concert tour as a supporting act for American stars, including Bo Diddley, Little Richard, and [[the Everly Brothers]]. The tour gave the band the opportunity to hone their stagecraft.{{sfn|Jagger|Richards|Watts|Wood|2003|p=68}}{{sfn|Wyman|2002|pp=80–83}}<ref name="bluesbrothers">{{cite magazine |last=Fricke|first=David|author-link=David Fricke|date=17 April 2008|title=Blues Brothers|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/19969845/Blues_Brothers|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405154532/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/19969845/Blues_Brothers|archive-date=5 April 2008|magazine=Rolling Stone|url-access=limited}}</ref>

During the tour, the band recorded their second single, a [[Lennon–McCartney]] song, "[[I Wanna Be Your Man]]".{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 30, track 2}}<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-01-06 |title=The gig that time forgot |page=98 |work=The Independent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105735890/the-gig-that-time-forgot/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> It reached number&nbsp;13 on the UK charts.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-07-22 |title=The Greatest Show on Earth |page=12 |work=The Independent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105735911/the-greatest-show-on-earth/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The Beatles' own recording of the song is included on the 1963 album ''[[With the Beatles]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Ellie |date=2022-06-10 |title=Watch The Rolling Stones cover The Beatles' 'I Wanna Be Your Man' in Liverpool |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-the-rolling-stones-cover-the-beatles-i-wanna-be-your-man-in-liverpool-3244311 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 1 January 1964, the Stones' were the first band to play on [[BBC]]'s ''[[Top of the Pops]]'', performing "I Wanna Be Your Man".<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC says fond farewell to Top of the Pops|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/06_june/20/totp.shtml|date=20 June 2006|author=<!-- Unknown-->|access-date=21 September 2019 |agency=BBC}}</ref> In January 1964 the band released a [[The Rolling Stones (EP)|self-titled]] [[Extended play|EP]], which became their first number 1 record in the UK.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Warwick|first1=Neil|last2=Kutner|first2=Jon|last3=Brown|first3=Tony|title=The Complete Book of The British Charts: Singles and Albums|edition=3rd|year=2004|publisher=[[Omnibus Press]]|location=London|isbn=1-84449-058-0|pages=24–28}}</ref> The third single by the Stones, [[Buddy Holly]]'s "[[Not Fade Away (song)|Not Fade Away]]", reflecting Bo Diddley's style, was released in February 1964 and reached number&nbsp;3.<ref name="UK Charts4">{{cite web |title=UK Charts – The Rolling Stones |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/rolling%20stones/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141020170648/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/rolling%20stones/ |archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Aankomst van de Rolling Stones op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 916-7420.jpg|thumb|The Rolling Stones arriving at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], Netherlands, in 1964. From left to right: Wyman, Richards, Jones, Watts and Jagger]]

Oldham saw little future for an act that gave up the chance to get significant songwriting royalties by only playing the songs of what he described as "middle-aged blacks", thus limiting their appeal to teenage audiences. Jagger and Richards decided to write songs together. Oldham described the first batch as "soppy and imitative".{{sfn|Oldham|2000|pp=256–257}} Because the band's songwriting developed slowly, songs on their first album, ''The Rolling Stones'' (1964; issued in the US as ''England's Newest Hit Makers''), were primarily covers, with only one [[Jagger/Richards]] original—"[[Tell Me (You're Coming Back)]]"—and two numbers credited to [[Nanker Phelge]], the pen name used for songs written by the entire group.{{sfn|Jagger|Richards|Watts|Wood|2003|p=84}}

The [[The Rolling Stones 1st American Tour 1964|Rolling Stones' first US tour]] in June 1964 was "a disaster", according to Wyman. "When we arrived, we didn't have a hit record [there] or anything going for us."{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=126}} When the band appeared on the variety show ''[[The Hollywood Palace]]'', that week's guest host, [[Dean Martin]], mocked both their hair and their performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/the-hollywood-palace/host-dean-martin-the-rolling-stones-144861/|title=The Hollywood Palace|work=[[TV.com]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120416004847/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-hollywood-palace/host-dean-martin-the-rolling-stones-144861/|archive-date=16 April 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref> During the tour they recorded for two days at [[Chess Studios]] in Chicago, meeting many of their most important influences, including Muddy Waters.{{sfn|Wyman|2002|pp=128–129}}{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=158}} These sessions included what would become the Rolling Stones' first number&nbsp;1 hit in the UK, their cover version of [[Bobby Womack|Bobby and Shirley Womack]]'s "[[It's All Over Now]]".{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=137}}

The Stones followed [[the Famous Flames]], featuring [[James Brown]], in the theatrical release of the 1964 film ''[[T.A.M.I. Show]]'', which showcased American acts with [[British Invasion]] artists. According to Jagger, "We weren't actually following James Brown because there was considerable time between the filming of each section. Nevertheless, he was still very annoyed about it&nbsp;..."{{sfn|Jagger|Richards|Watts|Wood|2003|p=85}} On 25 October the band appeared on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]''. Because of the pandemonium surrounding the Stones, Sullivan initially declined to rebook them.{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=154}} However, he booked them for appearances in 1966<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Juan |date=1972-07-15 |title=Everything you always wanted to know about the Stones... |page=25 |work=The Montreal Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105737020/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and 1967.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Richin |first=Leslie |date=2015-01-15 |title=Today in 1967, The Rolling Stones Forced to Censor Song on 'Ed Sullivan' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/rolling-stones-ed-sullivan-censored-lets-spend-night-together-6436569/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

A second EP, ''[[Five by Five (Rolling Stones EP)|Five by Five]]'', was issued in the UK in August 1964.<ref>{{cite news |date=1964-08-14 |title='Five by Five' may be a 'hit' |page=11 |work=Herald Express |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122537330/five-by-five-may-be-a-hit/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In the US the EP was expanded into their second LP, ''[[12 X 5]]'', which was released in October during the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstones.com/release/12/|title=12 X 5 {{!}} The Rolling Stones|website=The Rolling Stones |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> The Rolling Stones' fifth UK single, a cover of [[Willie Dixon]]'s "[[Little Red Rooster]]"—with "Off the Hook", credited to Nanker Phelge, as the [[B-side]]—was released in November 1964 and became their second number&nbsp;1 hit in the UK.<ref name="UK Charts4"/> The band's US distributors, [[London Records]], declined to release "Little Red Rooster" as a single. In December 1964, the distributor released the band's first single with Jagger/Richards originals on both sides: "[[Heart of Stone (The Rolling Stones song)|Heart of Stone]]", with "What a Shame" as the B-side; the single went to number&nbsp;19 in the US.{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=159}}