Editing The Rocky Horror Picture Show (section)

==Production==

===Concept and development===
[[File:Rocky Horror throne screencap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.60|Little Nell, Patricia Quinn, Tim Curry, and Richard O'Brien in ''The Rocky Horror Picture Show''. All were in the original stage show.]]

Richard O'Brien was living as an unemployed actor in [[London]] during the early 1970s. He wrote most of ''[[The Rocky Horror Show]]'' during one winter just to occupy himself.<ref name=Miller2011 /><ref name="Dika2003" /> Since his youth, O'Brien had loved [[science fiction]] and [[B movies|B horror movies]]. He wanted to combine elements of the unintentional humour of B horror movies, portentous dialogue of schlock-horror, [[Steve Reeves]] muscle flicks, and fifties [[rock and roll]] into his musical.<ref name="AmericanMusical">{{cite book |last=Knapp |first=Raymond |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmusicalp00knap |title=The American Musical and the Performance of Personal Identity |date=2 March 2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-6911-4105-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanmusicalp00knap/page/n258 240] |url-access=registration}}</ref> O'Brien conceived and wrote the play set against the backdrop of the glam era that had manifested itself in British popular culture in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Auslander |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/performingglamro00ausl |title=Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music |date=2006 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/performingglamro00ausl/page/n61 49] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Allowing his concept to come into being, O'Brien states "[[glam rock]] allowed me to be myself more".<ref name="Glam era">{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Simon |title=Shock and Awe: Glam Rock and Its Legacy, from the Seventies to the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKupCgAAQBAJ&q=Shock+and+Awe:+Glam+Rock+and+Its+Legacy,+from+the+Seventies+to+the+Twenty-First+Century |date=11 October 2016 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-0622-7981-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

O'Brien showed a portion of the unfinished script to Australian director Jim Sharman, who decided to direct it at the small experimental space Upstairs at the [[Royal Court Theatre]] in [[Sloane Square]], [[Chelsea, London]], which was used as a project space for new work.<ref name=Miller2011/> O'Brien had appeared briefly in a stage production of [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]'s ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'', directed by Sharman, and the two also worked together in [[Sam Shepard]]'s ''The Unseen Hand''. Sharman would bring in production designer [[Brian Thomson (scenic designer)|Brian Thomson]].<ref name="Eagan2009">{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Eagan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CIJFMMvx9MC&pg=PT2086 |title=America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry |date=26 November 2009 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group, Limited |isbn=978-1-4411-7541-0 |page=2086}}</ref> The original creative team was then rounded out by costume designer [[Sue Blane]], musical director [[Richard Hartley (composer)|Richard Hartley]], and stage producer [[Michael White (producer)|Michael White]], who was brought in to produce. As the musical went into rehearsal, the working title, ''They Came from Denton High'', was changed just before previews at the suggestion of Sharman to ''The Rocky Horror Show''.<ref name=Miller2011 /><ref>{{cite book| last=Thomson| first=Brian| year=1998| title=The Rocky Horror Scrapbook| location=New York| publisher=Interfishnet| page=6| isbn=978-0-2339-9581-6}}</ref>

Having premiered in the small 60-seat Royal Court Theatre, it quickly moved to larger venues in London, transferring to the 230-seat [[Chelsea Classic Cinema]] on [[King's Road]] on 14 August 1973, before finding a quasi-permanent home at the 500-seat King's Road Theatre from 3 November that year, running for six years.<ref name="Shuker">{{cite book |last=Shuker |first=Roy |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk_i1i5 |title=Understanding popular music |date=1 November 1994 |publisher=Routledge |edition=annotated |isbn=978-0-415-10722-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk_i1i5/page/160 160] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The musical made its U.S. debut in [[Los Angeles]] in 1974 before playing in [[New York City]] as well as other cities.<ref name="Eagan2009" /> Producer and [[Ode Records]] owner Lou Adler attended the London production in the winter of 1973, escorted by friend [[Britt Ekland]]. He immediately decided to purchase the U.S. theatrical rights. His production would be staged at his [[Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood)|Roxy Theatre]] in L.A.<ref name="QuislingWilliams2003">{{cite book |first1=Erik |last1=Quisling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9SwyVx4d8EC&pg=PT245 |title=Straight Whisky: A Living History of Sex, Drugs, and Rock 'n' Roll on the Sunset Strip |first2=Austin Lowry |last2=Williams |year=2003 |publisher=Bonus Books |isbn=978-1-5662-5197-6 |page=245}}</ref> In 1975, ''The Rocky Horror Show'' premiered on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the 1,000-seat [[Belasco Theatre]].<ref name="BottoViagas2002">{{cite ATT Broadway |page=33}}</ref>

===Filming and locations===
[[File:Oakley Court.jpg|right|thumb|Oakley Court]]

Set in the fictional town of Denton, the film was shot at [[Bray Studios (UK)|Bray Studios]] and [[Oakley Court]], a country house near [[Maidenhead]], [[Berkshire]], England, and at [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]]<ref name="Newland2010">{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Newland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BZCLVHpA-gC&pg=PA138 |title=Don't Look Now: British Cinema in the 1970s |year=2010 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=978-1-8415-0320-2 |page=138}}</ref> for post-production,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=sally |title=Elstree Studios. |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Elstree+Studios.-a0150440147 |access-date=16 March 2014 |website=The Free Library |publisher=Farlex, Inc.}}</ref> from 21 October to 19 December 1974. Oakley Court, built in 1857 in the [[Victorian Gothic]] [[Architectural style|style]], is known for a number of [[Hammer Film Productions|Hammer films]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Huckvale |first=David |url=http://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/components/tutors/?view=tutor&id=87&cid=500 |title=Hammer Film Scores and the Musical Avant-Garde |date=28 May 2008 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3456-5 |page=150 |access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Fisher2013">{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Fisher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWyrAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |title=British River Navigations: Inland Cuts, Fens, Dikes, Channels and Non-tidal Rivers |date=24 October 2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4729-0668-7 |page=227}}</ref> Much of the location shooting took place there, although at the time the manor was not in good condition.<ref name="Hallenbeck2009">{{cite book |first=Bruce G. |last=Hallenbeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AIgAef-bAcC&pg=PA109 |title=Comedy-Horror Films: A Chronological History, 1914–2008 |date=30 April 2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5378-8 |page=109}}</ref> Most of the cast were from the original London stage production, including Tim Curry, who had decided that Dr Frank N. Furter should speak like the [[Elizabeth II|Queen of the United Kingdom]], extravagantly posh.<ref name="Glam era"/> Fox insisted on casting the two characters of Brad and Janet with American actors, Barry Bostwick and Susan Sarandon.<ref name="Eagan2009"/> Filming took place during autumn, which made conditions worse. During filming, Sarandon fell ill with [[pneumonia]].<ref name=AmericanMusical/> Filming of the laboratory scene and the title character's creation occurred on 30 October 1974.{{sfn|Henkin|1979|p=16}}

The film is both a parody and tribute to many of the science fiction and horror movies from the 1930s up to the 1970s.<ref name="Miller2011">{{cite book |first=Scott |last=Miller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAKvBAXbdFkC&pg=PA127 |title=Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll, and Musicals |date=2011 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-1-5555-3761-6 |page=127}}</ref> The film production retains many aspects from the stage version, such as production design and music, but adds new scenes not featured in the original stage play.<ref name="Eagan2009"/> The film's plot, setting, and style echo those of the Hammer horror films, which had their own instantly recognisable style (just as [[Universal Classic Monsters|Universal Studios' horror films]] did).<ref>{{cite book |last=Harpole |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkCxtdir1ZIC&q=The+Rocky+Horror+Picture+Show+parody+of+Hammer+Films&pg=PA212 |title=History of the American cinema |date=5 November 1999 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-6848-0463-7 |edition=1st |pages=212–213}}</ref> The originally proposed opening sequence was to contain clips of various films mentioned in the lyrics, as well as the first few sequences shot in black and white, but this was deemed too expensive and scrapped.<ref name="Eagan2009"/>

===Costumes, make-up, and props===
In the stage productions, actors generally did their own make-up; however, for the film, the producers chose Pierre La Roche, who had previously been a make-up artist for [[Mick Jagger]] and [[David Bowie]], to redesign the make-up for each character.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hadleigh |first=Boze |title=The Lavender Screen: The Gay and Lesbian Films: Their Stars, Makers, Characters, and Critics |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Citadel |isbn=978-0-8065-2199-2 |edition=Revised |pages=132–135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7u2PmlUDpwC&q=rocky+horror |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> Production stills were taken by [[Rock music|rock]] photographer [[Mick Rock]], who has published a number of books from his work.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Mick Rock |url=http://www.mickrock.com/about-mick/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918045420/http://www.mickrock.com/about-mick/ |archive-date=18 September 2012 |access-date=4 October 2012 |website=Official web site}}</ref> In ''Rocky Horror: From Concept to Cult'', designer Sue Blane discusses the ''Rocky Horror'' costumes' influence on [[punk music]] style, opining "[It was a] big part of the build-up [to [[Punk subculture|punk]]]." She states that ripped fishnet stockings, glitter, and coloured hair were directly attributable to ''Rocky Horror''.<ref name=Miller2011 />

[[File:Columbia top hat and tux.jpg|thumb|A fan-made replica of Little Nell's gold sequined [[swallow-tail coat]]]]

Some of the costumes from the film had been originally used in the stage production. Props and set pieces were reused from old Hammer Horror productions and others. The tank and dummy used for Rocky's birth originally appeared in ''[[The Revenge of Frankenstein]]'' (1958). These references to earlier productions, in addition to cutting costs, enhanced the [[Cult film|cult status]] of the film.<ref name="Riley2008">{{cite book |first=Samantha Michele |last=Riley |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/210600559.pdf |title=Becoming the Wig: Mis/identifications and Citationality in Queer Rock Musicals |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-53382-5 |page=22}}</ref>

Costume designer Sue Blane was not keen on working for the film, until she became aware that Curry, an old friend, was committed to the project. Curry and Blane had worked together in [[Glasgow]]'s [[Citizens Theatre]] in a production of ''[[The Maids]]'', for which Curry had worn a woman's corset. Blane arranged for the theatre to loan her the corset from the other production for ''Rocky Horror''.<ref name="Siegel">{{cite web |last=Siegel |first=Robert |title=Making The Rocky Horror Picture Show |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=7605 |access-date=27 March 2014 |publisher=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> Blane admits that she did not conduct research for her designing, had never seen a [[science fiction film]], and is acutely aware that her costumes for Brad and Janet may have been generalisations.

{{blockquote|When I designed ''Rocky'', I never looked at any science fiction movies or comic books. One just automatically knows what spacesuits look like, the same way one intuitively knows how Americans dress. I had never been to the United States, but I had this fixed idea of how people looked there. Americans wore polyester so their clothes wouldn't crease, and their trousers were a bit too short. Since they're very keen on sports, white socks and white T-shirts played an integral part in their wardrobe. Of course, since doing ''Rocky'' I have been to the United States and admit it was a bit of a generalization, but my ideas worked perfectly for Brad and Janet.<ref name=Siegel/>}}

The budget for the film was [[United States dollar|US$]]1,600,000, far more than the stage production budget, but having to double up on costumes for the film production was expensive. For filming, corsets for the finale had to be doubled for the pool scene, with one version drying while the other was worn on set. While many of the costumes are exact replicas from the stage productions, other costumes were new to filming, such as Columbia's gold sequined swallow-tail coat and top hat and Magenta's maid's uniform.<ref name=Siegel />

Blane was amazed by the recreation and understanding of her designs by fans.<ref name=Siegel /> When she first heard that people were dressing up, she thought it would be tacky, but was surprised to see the depth to which the fans went to recreate her designs. ''Rocky Horror'' fan Mina Credeur, who designs costumes and performed as Columbia for Houston's performance group, states that "the best part is when everyone leaves with a big smile on their face," noting that there's "such a [[kitsch]]iness and [[campiness]] that it seems to be winking at you."<ref>{{cite news |last=Keppler |first=Nick |date=7 June 2007 |title=The Beautiful Creatures |newspaper=[[Houston Press]] |url=https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/the-beautiful-creatures-6584721 |access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> The film still plays at many theatre locations and ''Rocky Horror'' costumes are often made for [[Halloween]], although many require much time and effort to make.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Melanie |date=18 October 2011 |title=Rocky Horror Picture Show Costumes: DIY Ideas for Halloween 2011 |newspaper=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/rocky-horror-picture-show-costumes-diy-ideas-halloween-2011-324346 |access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref>

===Title sequence===
The film starts with the screen fading to black and oversized, disembodied female lips appear overdubbed with a [[Voice type|male voice]],<ref name="Riley2008" /><ref name="Laderman2010">{{cite book |first=David |last=Laderman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8X_FH76uwC&pg=PA32 |title=Punk Slash! Musicals: Tracking Slip-Sync on Film |date=1 March 2010 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-77791-0 |page=32}}</ref> establishing the theme of [[androgyny]] to be repeated as the film unfolds.<ref name="LancasterMikotowicz2001">{{cite book |first1=Kurt |last1=Lancaster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9fAl7lwtMEC&pg=PA128 |title=Performing the Force: Essays on Immersion Into Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Environments |first2=Thomas J. |last2=Mikotowicz |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-0895-5 |page=128}}</ref> The opening scene and song, "[[Science Fiction/Double Feature]]", consists of the lips of Patricia Quinn (who appears in the film later as the character Magenta and as 'Trixie the Usherette' in the original London production, where she also sings the song) but has the vocals of actor and ''Rocky Horror'' creator, Richard O'Brien (who appears as Magenta's brother Riff Raff). The lyrics refer to science fiction and horror films of the past and list several film titles from the 1930s to the 1960s, including ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]'' (1951), ''[[Flash Gordon (serial)|Flash Gordon]]'' (1936), ''[[The Invisible Man (1933 film)|The Invisible Man]]'' (1933), ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'' (1933), ''[[It Came from Outer Space]]'' (1953), ''[[Doctor X (film)|Doctor X]]'' (1932), ''[[Forbidden Planet]]'' (1956), ''[[Tarantula (film)|Tarantula]]'' (1955), ''[[The Day of the Triffids (film)|The Day of the Triffids]]'' (1962), ''[[Curse of the Demon]]'' (1957), and ''[[When Worlds Collide (1951 film)|When Worlds Collide]]'' (1951).<ref name=Miller2011 />