Editing The Outlaw Josey Wales (section)

==Production==

[[File:Locke-Eastwood-1975.jpg|thumb|upright|Locke and Eastwood in 1975 during the movie's filming]]

''The Outlaw Josey Wales'' was inspired by a 1972 novel by supposedly Cherokee writer Forrest Carter, alias of former KKK leader and segregationist speech writer of [[George Wallace]], [[Asa Earl Carter]], an identity that was exposed in part due to the success of the film,<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Forrest Carter Really Asa Carter? Only Josey Wales May Know for Sure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/26/archives/is-forrest-carter-really-asa-carter-only-josey-wales-may-know-for.html |quote=You could have fooled some of the people around here. They thought for sure that Forrest Carter, whose novel has become Clint Eastwood's current shoot-em-up movie "''The Outlaw Josey Wales''," is the man they knew as Asa Carter, a speech writer for Gov. George C. Wallace. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 26, 1976 |access-date=October 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203080550/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/26/archives/is-forrest-carter-really-asa-carter-only-josey-wales-may-know-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was originally titled ''[[The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales]]'' and later retitled ''Gone to Texas''. The script was worked on by Sonia Chernus and producer [[Robert Daley (producer)|Robert Daley]] at Malpaso, and Eastwood himself paid some of the money to obtain the screen rights.<ref name="McGilligan257">McGilligan (1999), p. 257</ref> [[Michael Cimino]] and [[Philip Kaufman]] later oversaw the writing of the script, aiding Chernus. Kaufman wanted the film to stay as close to the novel as possible in style and retained many of the mannerisms in Wales's character that Eastwood displayed on screen, such as his distinctive diction with words like "reckon", "hoss" (instead of "horse"), and "ye" (instead of "you"), and spitting tobacco juice on animals and victims.<ref name="McGilligan257"/> The characters of Wales, the Cherokee chief, [[Navajo people|Navajo]] woman, and the old settler woman and her daughter all appeared in the novel.<ref name="McGilligan258">McGilligan (1999), p.258</ref> On the other hand, Kaufman was less happy with the novel's political stance; he felt that it had been "written by a crude fascist" and that "the man's hatred of government was insane".<ref name="little_fraud"/> He also felt that element of the script needed to be severely toned down, but he later said, "Clint didn't, and it was his film".<ref name="little_fraud"/> Kaufman was later fired by Eastwood, who took over the film's direction himself.

[[File:Pahreah (Paria) Town Site, Utah1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paria, Utah|Paria]] site in Utah, filming location of the film]]

Cinematographer [[Bruce Surtees]], [[James Fargo]], and Fritz Manes scouted for locations and eventually found sites in [[Page, Arizona]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], [[Kanab, Utah]], and [[Oroville, California]] even before they saw the final script.<ref name="McGilligan258"/> The movie was shot in [[DeLuxe Color]] and [[Panavision]].<ref name=IMDB/> Kaufman cast Chief Dan George, who had been nominated for an Academy Award for Supporting Actor in ''[[Little Big Man (film)|Little Big Man]]'', as the old Cherokee Lone Watie. Sondra Locke, also a previous Academy Award nominee, was cast by Eastwood against Kaufman's wishes<ref name="McGilligan261">McGilligan (1999), p.261</ref> as Laura Lee, the granddaughter of the old settler woman; at 32, she was a decade older than the character.{{refn|name=age|group=N|Locke (1944–2018) debuted onscreen in her mid-20s but always lied about how old she was, even going so far as to refer to herself as a "child star".<ref>Mills, Bart (June 25, 1978). "Sondra Locke: The cynic proves to be equal to Eastwood". ''Chicago Tribune''. Section 6, p. 24.</ref> The late actress is considered a paradigm of how easy it was in pre-internet times for celebrities to deceive the public, as there was no way to [[fact-check]].<ref>[https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/021590 "Starring Sondra Locke"]. TCM.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/sondra-locke-clint-eastwood-b2550936.html "Sondra Locke, Clint Eastwood and the tragic disappearance of a Hollywood trailblazer"]. ''The Independent''.</ref>}} This marked the beginning of a professional and domestic relationship between Eastwood and Locke that spanned six films and lasted into the late 1980s. [[Ferris Webster]] was hired as the film's editor and [[Jerry Fielding]] as composer.

In June 1975, Eastwood was announced as starring in the film, with a scheduled Bicentennial Celebration release.<ref>{{cite news|title='Gone to Texas' Packs Eastwood-Style Action|first=Gynter|last=Quill|newspaper=Waco Tribune-Herald|date=June 29, 1975|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/43751803|page=4}}</ref> Principal photography began on October 6, 1975.<ref>{{cite news|date=July 7, 1975|title=Clint Eastwood gets top role in outlaw film|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/27294521|newspaper=Greeley Daily Tribune|page=24}}</ref> A rift between Eastwood and Kaufman developed during the filming. Kaufman insisted on filming with a meticulous attention to detail, which caused disagreements with Eastwood, not to mention the attraction the two shared towards Locke and apparent jealousy on Kaufman's part in regard to their emerging relationship.<ref name="McGilligan262">McGilligan (1999), p. 262</ref> One evening, Kaufman insisted on finding a beer can as a prop to be used in a scene, but while he was absent, Eastwood ordered Surtees to quickly shoot the scene, as light was fading, and then drove away, leaving before Kaufman had returned.<ref name="McGilligan263">McGilligan (1999), p. 263</ref> On October 24, 1975, Kaufman was fired at Eastwood's command by producer Bob Daley.<ref name="McGilligan264">McGilligan (1999), p. 264</ref> The sacking caused an outrage among the [[Directors Guild of America]] and other important Hollywood executives, since the director had already worked hard on the film, including completing all of the pre-production.<ref name="McGilligan264"/> Pressure mounted on Warner Bros. and Eastwood to back down, and their refusal to do so resulted in a fine, reported to be around $60,000, for the violation.<ref name="McGilligan264"/> This resulted in the Director's Guild passing a new rule, known as "the Eastwood Rule", which prohibits an actor or producer from firing the director and then personally taking on the director's role.<ref name="McGilligan264"/> From then on, the film was directed by Eastwood himself with Daley as the second-in-command. With Kaufman's planning already in place, the team was able to finish making the film efficiently. Filming ended on December 6, 1975.<ref>Sutherland, Bob (December 6, 1975). "Filming of Eastwood Movie Scheduled to End Today". ''Oroville Mercury Register''. p. 3.</ref>