Editing Texas Instruments (section)

===Semiconductors===
In early 1952, Texas Instruments purchased a patent license to produce germanium transistors from [[Western Electric]], the manufacturing arm of AT&T, for US$25,000, beginning production by the end of the year. Haggerty brought [[Gordon Teal]] to the company due to his expertise in growing semiconductor crystals while at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]. Teal's first assignment was to direct TI's research laboratory. At the end of 1952, Texas Instruments announced that it had expanded to 2,000 employees and $17&nbsp;million in sales.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Electronics and the geography of innovation in post-war America|last1=Leslie|first1=Stuart W.|last2=Kargon|first2=Robert H.|journal=[[History and Technology]]|date=1994|volume=11|issue=2|page=223|doi=10.1080/07341519408581864}}</ref>

Among his new hires was [[Willis Adcock]], who joined TI early in 1953. Adcock, who like Teal was a [[physical chemist]], began leading a small research group focused on the task of fabricating grown-junction, [[silicon]], single-crystal, small-signal transistors.<ref name="transistor">{{Cite magazine |first=Michael |last=Riordan |date=30 April 2004 |title=The Lost History of the Transistor |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-lost-history-of-the-transistor |magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |pages=48–49}}</ref> Adcock later became the first TI Principal Fellow.<ref name="Tribute">[http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/key/1990/images/65012-1.pdf "A Tribute to Erik Jonsson"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109193529/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/key/1990/images/65012-1.pdf |date=November 9, 2006 }} (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved on April 19, 2012.</ref>

====First silicon transistor and integrated circuits====
[[File:KL TI SN5451 Logic IC.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Transistorized "[[transistor-transistor logic|logic]]" chip, an integrated circuit produced by TI]]

In January 1954, [[Morris Tanenbaum]] at Bell Telephone Laboratories created the first workable silicon transistor.<ref name="transistor"/> This work was reported in the spring of 1954, at the IRE off-the-record conference on solid-state devices, and was later published in the ''Journal of Applied Physics''. Working independently in April 1954, Gordon Teal at TI created the first commercial silicon transistor and tested it on April 14, 1954. On May 10, 1954, at the Institute of Radio Engineers National Conference on Airborne Electronics in Dayton, Ohio, Teal presented a paper: "Some Recent Developments in Silicon and Germanium Materials and Devices".<ref>[http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/may04/3992 "Some Recent Developments in Silicon and Germanium Materials and Devices"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409173015/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/may04/3992 |date=April 9, 2008 }}. ''[[IEEE Spectrum]]''. Retrieved on April 19, 2012.</ref>

In 1954, Texas Instruments designed and manufactured the first [[transistor radio]]. The [[Regency TR-1]] used germanium transistors, as silicon transistors were much more expensive at the time. This was an effort by Haggerty to increase market demand for transistors.

[[Jack Kilby]], an employee at TI, invented the [[integrated circuit]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Kilby |title=Jack Kilby |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=Online |access-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref> Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, and successfully demonstrated the world's first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958.<ref>[http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml "The Chip that Jack Built"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501073820/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |date=May 1, 2015 }} (c. 2008; HTML), Texas Instruments, accessed May 29, 2008.</ref> Six months later, [[Robert Noyce]] of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] (who went on to co-found [[Intel]]) independently developed the integrated circuit with integrated interconnect, and is also considered an inventor of the integrated circuit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-14|title=Robert Noyce|url=https://ethw.org/Robert_Noyce|access-date=2022-09-23|website=ETHW|language=en|archive-date=December 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111313/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Robert_Noyce|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1969, Kilby was awarded the National Medal of Science, and in 1982 he was inducted into the National Inventor's Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/lowbandwidthtimeline.shtml|title=Texas Instruments – Low Bandwidth Timeline – Key TI Events|website=www.ti.com|access-date=2016-07-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803143130/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/lowbandwidthtimeline.shtml|archive-date=August 3, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Kilby also won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit.<ref>Nobel Web AB, (October 10, 2000),[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/press.html ''The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215065210/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/press.html |date=December 15, 2010 }},
Retrieved on May 29, 2008</ref> Noyce's chip, made at Fairchild, was made of silicon, while Kilby's chip was made of [[germanium]].  In 2008, TI named its new development laboratory "Kilby Labs" after Jack Kilby.<ref>Kilby Labs Announcement [http://focus.ti.com/pr/docs/preldetail.tsp?sectionId=594&prelId=c08055 focus.ti.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917225342/http://focus.ti.com/pr/docs/preldetail.tsp?sectionId=594&prelId=c08055 |date=September 17, 2008 }}</ref>

====Standard TTL====
[[File:74series logic ic.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Texas Instruments and other brands of [[7400 series]] TTL and CMOS logic]]
[[File:TI SpeakSpell.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Texas Instruments Speak & Spell using a [[TMC0280]] speech synthesizer]]
[[File:Texas Instruments TI-30 electronic calculator.JPG|thumb|150px|right|[[TI-30]] electronic calculator, 1976]]

The [[7400 series]] of [[transistor-transistor logic]]  chips, developed by Texas Instruments in the 1960s, popularized the use of integrated circuits in computer logic. The military-grade version of this was the 5400 series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/|title=The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War {{!}} Computer History Museum|website=www.computerhistory.org|date=July 13, 2015 |access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721164146/http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/|archive-date=July 21, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

====Microprocessor====
Texas Instruments invented the hand-held [[calculator]] (a prototype called "[[Cal Tech (calculator)|Cal Tech]]") in 1967 and the single-chip [[microcomputer]] in 1971,  was assigned the first patent on a single-chip [[microprocessor]] (invented by Gary Boone) on September 4, 1973.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=3757306|title=United States Patent: 3757306 – COMPUTING SYSTEMS CPU|gdate=September 4, 1973|invent1=Boone|inventor1-first=Gary W.|url=https://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3,757,306.PN.&OS=PN/3,757,306&RS=PN/3,757,306}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311214759/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3%2C757%2C306.PN.&OS=PN%2F3%2C757%2C306&RS=PN%2F3%2C757%2C306 |date=March 11, 2021 }}</ref> This was disputed by Gilbert Hyatt, formerly of the Micro Computer Company, in August 1990, when he was awarded a patent superseding TI's. This was overturned on June 19, 1996, in favor of TI<ref>{{Cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|date=1996-06-20|title=For Texas Instruments, Some Bragging Rights|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/20/business/for-texas-instruments-some-bragging-rights.html|access-date=2022-09-23|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> (note: [[Intel]] is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor).

====First speech synthesis chip====
In 1978, Texas Instruments introduced the first single-chip [[linear predictive coding]] [[speech synthesizer]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.datamath.org/Speech_IC.htm | work = Datamath Calculator Museum | title = Texas Instruments Speech – Integrated Circuits | access-date = September 7, 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510152744/http://www.datamath.org/Speech_IC.htm | archive-date = May 10, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In 1976, TI began a feasibility study of memory-intensive applications for bubble memory then being developed. They soon focused on speech applications. This resulted in the development of the TMC0280 one-chip linear predictive coding  speech synthesizer, which was the first time a single silicon chip had electronically replicated the human voice.<ref name="TITimeLine">[http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/interactivetimeline.shtml TI web site history page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609012716/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/interactivetimeline.shtml |date=June 9, 2007 }},(c. 2008), (HTML), Texas Instruments, accessed September 6, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/speechsynthesis/ss_ti.htm “Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121151619/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/speechsynthesis/ss_ti.htm |date=November 21, 2008 }}, accessed September 7, 2008</ref> This was used in several TI commercial products beginning with [[Speak & Spell (toy)|Speak & Spell]], which was introduced at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978. In 2001, TI left the speech synthesis business, selling it to Sensory Inc. of Santa Clara, California.<ref name="TI will exit dedicated speech-synthesis chips, transfer products to Sensory">{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4102385/TI-will-exit-dedicated-speech-synthesis-chips-transfer-products-to-Sensory |title=TI will exit dedicated speech-synthesis chips, transfer products to Sensory |access-date=2016-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528014257/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4102385/TI-will-exit-dedicated-speech-synthesis-chips-transfer-products-to-Sensory |archive-date=May 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all |date=June 14, 2001 |publisher=EE Times }}</ref>