Editing Temple in Jerusalem (section)

==Second Temple==
{{Main|Second Temple}}
[[File:Second Temple.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Herod's Temple]] as imagined in the [[Holyland Model of Jerusalem]]. It is currently situated adjacent to the [[Shrine of the Book]] exhibit at the [[Israel Museum]] in Jerusalem]]
According to the [[Book of Ezra]], construction of the Second Temple was called for by [[Cyrus the Great]] and began in 538 BCE,<ref name="Rennert97">{{cite web |first=Yisrael |last=Shalem |title=Second Temple Period (538 BCE to 70 CE): Persian Rule. |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |publisher=Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, [[Bar-Ilan University]] |location=[[Ramat-Gan]], Israel |year=1997 |url=https://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_4.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103074019/https://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html |url-status=live}}</ref> after the fall of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] the year before.<ref>{{cite book |first=Matt |last=Waters |title=Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |page=212 |isbn=978-1-107-00960-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjhEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309080449/https://books.google.com/books?id=EjhEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to some 19th-century calculations, work started later, in April 536 BCE<ref>{{bibleverse|Haggai|1:15}}</ref> and was completed on 21 February, 515 BCE, 21 years after the start of the construction. This date is obtained by coordinating Ezra 3:8–10<ref>{{bibleverse|Ezra|3:8–10}}</ref> (the third day of [[Adar]], in the sixth year of the reign of [[Darius I|Darius the Great]]) with historical sources.<ref name="Jamieson">{{cite web |last1=Jamieson |first1=Robert |last2=Fausset |first2=A. R. |author2-link=Andrew Robert Fausset |last3=Brown |first3=David |author3-link=David Brown (Free Church of Scotland) |title=Ezra 6:13–15. The Temple Finished. |work=[[Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary|A Commentary, Critical, Practical, and Explanatory on the Old and New Testaments]] |year=1882 |via=BibleHub.com |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/ezra/6.htm |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101063026/https://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/ezra/6.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The accuracy of these dates is contested by some modern researchers, who consider the biblical text to be of later date and based on a combination of historical records and religious considerations, leading to contradictions between different books of the Bible and making the dates unreliable.<ref>{{cite book |first=Diana |last=Edelman |title=The Origins of the 'Second' Temple: Persion Imperial Policy and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem |chapter=The Seventy-Year Tradition Revisited |publisher=Routledge |edition=reprint, revised |year=2014 |pages=103–104 |isbn=978-1-84553-016-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5zCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311114702/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5zCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |url-status=live}}</ref> The new temple was dedicated by the Jewish governor [[Zerubbabel]]. However, with a full reading of the Book of Ezra and the [[Book of Nehemiah]], there were four edicts to build the Second Temple, which were issued by three kings: Cyrus in 536 BCE (Ezra ch. 1), [[Darius I]] of Persia in 519 BCE (ch. 6), and [[Artaxerxes I of Persia]] in 457 BCE (ch. 7), and finally by Artaxerxes again in 444 BCE (Nehemiah ch. 2).<ref name="RATIONAL PROOFS AND TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS FROM THE SACRED SCRIPTURES">{{cite book |editor='Abdu'l-Baha |title=Some Answered Questions |url=http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions/#f=f4-151 |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211235108/https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions/#f=f4-151 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to classical Jewish sources, another demolition of the Temple was narrowly avoided in 332 BCE when the Jews refused to acknowledge the deification of [[Alexander the Great]] of Macedonia, but Alexander was placated at the last minute by astute diplomacy and flattery.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ou.org/judaism-101/bios/leaders-in-the-talmudic-period/shimon-hatzaddik/ |title=Shimon HaTzaddik |website=[[Orthodox Union]] |date=14 June 2006 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814143903/https://www.ou.org/judaism-101/bios/leaders-in-the-talmudic-period/shimon-hatzaddik/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 

After Jerusalem came under [[Seleucid]] rule, [[Antiochus III]] attempted to introduce the [[Greek mythology|Greek pantheon]] into the temple. A rebellion ensued and was brutally crushed, but no further action by Antiochus was taken. When [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] assumed the Seleucid thrown he immediately attempted to enforce universal Hellenization once again. During this time, several incidents considered offensive under traditional Jewish practice occurred in the temple, to include erecting a statute of Zeus and the sacrifice of pigs. This led to a two year civil war in Judea in which traditionalist rebels led by [[Mattathias]] fought against both Seleucid forces and the Hellenized Judean forces who administered Judea in Antiochus's name. After the rebels successfully overthrew Seleucid rule, Mattathias' son [[Judah Maccabee]] re-dedicated the temple in 164 BCE, giving rise to the celebration of [[Hanukkah]].<ref name="ODCC self"/>

During the Roman era, [[Pompey]] entered (and thereby desecrated) the [[Holy of Holies]] in 63 BCE, but left the Temple intact.<ref>Josephus, ''The New Complete Works'', translated by William Whiston, Kregel Publications, 1999, "Antiquites" Book 14:4, pp. 459–460</ref><ref>Michael Grant, ''The Jews in the Roman World'', Barnes & Noble, 1973, p. 54</ref><ref>Peter Richardson, ''Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans'', Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1996, pp. 98–99</ref> In 54 BCE, [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]] looted the Temple treasury.<ref>Josephus, ''The New Complete Works'', translated by William Whiston, [[Kregel Publications]], 1999, "Antiquites" Book 14:7, p. 463</ref><ref>Michael Grant, ''The Jews in the Roman World'', Barnes & Noble, 1973, p. 58</ref>

Around 20 BCE, the building was renovated and expanded by [[Herod the Great]], and became known as [[Herod's Temple]]. It was destroyed by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in 70 CE during the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|Siege of Jerusalem]]. During the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] against the Romans in 132–135 CE, [[Simon bar Kokhba]] and [[Rabbi Akiva]] wanted to rebuild the Temple, but bar Kokhba's revolt failed and the Jews were banned from Jerusalem (except for [[Tisha B'Av]]) by the Roman Empire. The emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] allowed the Temple to be rebuilt, but the [[Galilee earthquake of 363]] ended all attempts ever since.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}