Editing Tartu (section)

===Beginnings===
Archaeological evidence of the first permanent settlement on the site of modern Tartu dates to as early as the 5th century AD.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583793/Tartu |title=Tartu |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114339/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583793/Tartu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mäesalu">{{cite web |url=http://www.sirp.ee/archive/2001/12.10.01/Sots/sots1-6.html |title=Vene kroonikate Jurjev oli tõenäoliselt siiski Tartu |first=Ain |last=Mäesalu |publisher=[[Sirp]] |date=12 October 2001 |language=et |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123111414/https://www.sirp.ee/archive/2001/12.10.01/Sots/sots1-6.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 7th century, local inhabitants had built a wooden fortification on the east side of [[Toomemägi|Toome Hill]] (''Toomemägi'').<ref name="Mäesalu"/> Over the next centuries the settlement grew, and around 9th–10th centuries became an inland trading center.<ref name="Mäesalu2005">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3544313 |last1=Mäesalu |first1=Ain |last2=Vissak |first2=Rünno |editor-last=Pullerits |editor-first=Heivi |title=Tartu. Ajalugu ja kultuurilugu |publisher=Ilmamaa |date=2005 |pages=16–18 |chapter=Muinas- ja keskaeg |isbn=9789949131525 |language=et |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314005802/https://www.academia.edu/3544313 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first documented records of the area were made by later mediaeval chroniclers who described the events of early-11th-century [[Kievan Rus']]. According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' (PVL) and ''[[Sofia First Chronicle]]'' (SPL), [[Yaroslav the Wise]], [[Grand Prince of Kiev]], invaded the region of Tartu in {{circa}} 1030, and after defeating the ''[[Chud]]{{'}}'', built his own fort there, and named it ''Yuryev''.<ref name="Mäesalu"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tvauri |first1=Andres |title=The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia |date=2012 |pages=33, 59, 60 |url=https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023182212/https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG |url-status=live }}</ref> Tartu may have remained under Kievan Rus' control until 1061, when, according to the SPL, the ''Yuryev'' fort was burned down by ''Sosols''{{sfn|Tvauri|2012|p=34}} (probably [[Oeselians]], [[Sakala County|Sackalians]], or another Estonian tribe).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mäesalu |first1=Ain |title=Could Kedipiv in East-Slavonic Chronicles be Keava hill fort? |journal=Estonian Journal of Archaeology |date=2012 |volume=1 |issue=16supplser |page=199 |url=http://www.kirj.ee/public/Archaeology/2012/sup_vol_1/arhe-keava-2012-195-200.pdf |doi=10.3176/arch.2012.supv1.11 |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014085144/http://www.kirj.ee/public/Archaeology/2012/sup_vol_1/arhe-keava-2012-195-200.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon afterwards the fort was rebuilt by locals. In the 12th century, local Ungannians on one side and troops from the neighbouring [[Novgorod Republic]] on the other side repeatedly raided each other. In those campaigns, the invaders were reportedly able to capture Tartu in 1133 or 1134, and in the winter of 1191–1192, however these temporary captures are not known to have brought any lasting territorial changes.<ref name="Mäesalu2005"/>