Editing Tanzania (section)

===Ancient===
Tanzania is one of the oldest continuously inhabited areas on Earth. The [[Olduvai Gorge]], in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], features a collection with remnants of tools that document the development and use of transitional [[technology]].

The indigenous populations of eastern Africa are thought to be the [[Hadza language|linguistically isolated]] [[Hadza people|Hadza]] and [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] hunter-gatherers of Tanzania.<ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |year=2009 |pmid=19407144 |pmc=2947357 |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R.| last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J. M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11= M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18= S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M.| bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T |issn=0036-8075 }}</ref>{{rp|page 17}}

The first wave of migration was by [[South Cushitic languages|Southern Cushitic]] speakers who moved south from [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somalia]] into Tanzania. They are ancestral to the [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]], [[Gorowa language|Gorowa]], and [[Burunge language|Burunge]].<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|page 17}} Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, originating from north of [[Lake Turkana]].<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|pages 17–18}}

Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that [[Southern Nilotic languages|Southern Nilotes]], including the [[Datooga people|Datoog]], moved south from the present-day South Sudan / Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|page 18}}

These movements took place at approximately the same time as the settlement of the iron-making [[Bantu languages|Mashariki (Eastern) Bantu]] from West Africa in the [[Lake Victoria]] and [[Lake Tanganyika]] areas, as part of the centuries-long [[Bantu expansion]]. The Bantu peoples brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of [[yam (vegetable)|yams]]. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref name="auto"/>

[[Eastern Nilotic languages|Eastern Nilotic]] peoples, including the [[Maasai people|Maasai]], represent a more recent migration from present-day South Sudan within the past 500 to 1,500 years.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Phyllis |last1=Martin |first2=Patrick |last2=O'Meara |title=Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/africa00mart |url-access=registration |date=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20984-9}}</ref>

The people of Tanzania have been associated with the production of iron and steel. The [[Pare people]] were the main producers of sought-after iron for peoples who occupied the mountain regions of north-eastern Tanzania.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shoup |first1=John A. |title=Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East : an encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-59884-362-0 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA67}}</ref> The [[Haya people]] on the western shores of [[Lake Victoria]] invented a type of high-heat [[blast furnace]], which allowed them to forge [[carbon steel]] at temperatures exceeding {{convert|1820|C}} more than 1,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17830304 |year=1978 |last1=Schmidt |first1=P. |title=Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania |journal=Science |volume=201 |issue=4361
| pages=1085–89 |last2=Avery |first2=D.H. |doi=10.1126/science.201.4361.1085| bibcode=1978Sci...201.1085S |s2cid=37926350}}</ref>

Travelers and merchants from the [[Persian Gulf]] and India have visited the east African coast since early in the first millennium AD.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kevin |last=Shillington |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA1510 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |page=1510}}</ref> [[Islam]] was practiced by some on the [[Swahili Coast]] as early as the eighth or ninth century AD.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/7chapter5.shtml "The Story of Africa"]. ''BBC World Service''.</ref>