Editing Tampere (section)

== History ==

=== Early history ===

[[File:Messukylä Old Church.jpg|left|thumb|Messukylä Old Church, built between 1510 and 1530]]
The earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in the 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region began to farm land in [[Takahuhti]],<ref name=lind/> an area largely inhabited by the [[Tavastians|Tavastian tribes]].<ref name=pirkankylat/> The population remained small for many centuries. By the 16th century, the villages of [[Messukylä]] and Takahuhti had become the largest settlements in the area. Other nearby villages were Laiskola, Pyynikkälä and Hatanpää. At that time there had been a [[market place]] in the [[Pispala]] area for centuries, where the [[bourgeoisie]] from [[Turku]] in particular traded.<ref name=sinisalo/> In 1638, Governor-General [[Per Brahe the Younger]] ordered that two markets be held in Tammerkoski every year, the autumn market on St Peter's Day in August and the winter market on Matias's Day in February. In 1708 the market was moved from the outskirts of Tammerkoski to Harju and from there to Pispala in 1758.<ref name=louhivaara/>{{rp|p=16}} The first industries in the Pirkanmaa region in the 17th century were mainly [[watermill]]s and [[sawmill]]s, while in the 18th century other industries began to develop, as several small [[ironworks]], the Tammerkoski distillery and the Otavala [[Spinning wheel|spinning]] school were established.<ref name=pirkanmaa_teollistuminen/>

=== Founding and industrialization ===

[[File:Tampere 1837.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|Tampere seen from the Messukylä side of Tammerkoski in the 1837 artwork by Pehr Adolf Kruskopf]]
Before the founding of the city of Tampere, the neighbouring parish of [[Pirkkala]] (from which the current region of [[Pirkanmaa]] takes its name) was the most administratively important parish in the area throughout the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=rasila/> This changed in the 18th century when Erik Edner, a Finnish [[pastor]],<ref name=ylioppilasmatrikkeli_edner/> proposed the establishment of a town on the banks of the Tammerkoski Canal in 1771–1772;<ref name=uola/> it was officially founded as a market town{{efn|Known in Sweden as ''köping'' and the Finnish word ''kauppala''.}} in 1775 by [[Gustav III]] of Sweden and four years later, on 1 October 1779,<ref name=tampere_fi_history/> Tampere was granted full [[Town privileges|town rights]]. At that time it was a rather small town, founded on the lands of the Tammerkoski manor, while its inhabitants were still mainly farmers. As [[Agriculture|farming]] was forbidden within the city limits, the inhabitants began to rely on other means of earning a living, mainly [[trade]] and [[handicraft|crafts]].<ref name=lind/> In 1809, when Finland became a [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], Tampere still had less than a thousand inhabitants.<ref name=lind/>

[[File:Tampereen kaupungintalo.JPG|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Renaissance Revival]] Raatihuone ([[Tampere City Hall|City Hall]]), 1890; the [[Red Declaration]] was read from its balcony in 1905.<ref name=spottinghistory/>]]
[[File:Tampella2.jpg|left|thumb|The old [[Tampella]] factory in Tampere]]
In the 19th century, Tampere grew into an important market town and [[Industrial city|industrial centre]];<ref name=symington/> the industrialisation of Tampere was greatly influenced by the [[Finlayson (company)|Finlayson]] textile factory, founded in 1820 by the Scottish industrialist [[James Finlayson (industrialist)|James Finlayson]].<ref name=green/> By 1850, the factory employed around 2000 people, while the city's population had grown to 4000. Other notable industrial establishments that followed Finlayson's success in the 1800s were the [[Tampella]] [[blast furnace]], [[machine factory]] and [[flax mill]], the Frenckell [[paper mill]] and the Tampere [[broadcloth]] factory.<ref name=lind/> Tampere's population grew rapidly at the end of the 19th century, from around 7,000 in 1870 to 36,000 in 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere was a city of workers and women, with a third of the population being factory workers and more than half women.<ref name=lind/> At the same time, the area of the city increased almost sevenfold and impressive [[apartment block]]s were built in the centre of Tampere between modest wooden houses. The stone houses gave Tampere a modern look. The construction of the [[sewerage]] and [[water supply]] networks and the introduction of [[electric light]]ing were further steps towards modernisation;<ref name=lind/> Tampere was the first Nordic city to introduce electric lighting for general use in 1882.<ref name=innovationcapital/><ref name=tekniikkatalous_2021-12-07/> The railway connection to Tampere from the extension of the [[Helsinki]]-[[Hämeenlinna]] line (now part of the [[Finnish Main Line|Main Line]]) via [[Toijala]] was opened to the public on 22 June 1876. <ref name=suolahti/>{{rp|p=173}}

The world-famous [[Nokia Corporation]], a [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[telecommunications]] company, also had its beginnings in the Tammerkoski area;<ref name=hs_2021-06-24/> the [[History of Nokia|company's history]] dates back to 1865, when [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Finnish-Swedish]] mining engineer [[Fredrik Idestam]] (1838–1916) established a pulp mill on the banks of the rapids, and a second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near the neighbouring [[Nokia, Finland|town of Nokia]], where there were better [[hydroelectric]] resources.<ref name=hs_2021-06-24/>

=== Geopolitical significance ===

[[File:Lenin at Tampere.JPG|alt=|thumb|left|Painting of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] at the [[Tampere conference of 1905|1905 Tampere Conference]]]]
Tampere was the centre of many important political events in the early 20th century, such as the [[Tampere conference of 1905|1905 conference]] of the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (RSDLP), led by [[Vladimir Lenin]], held in the [[Tampere Workers' Hall]] during their flight from Russia, where it was decided, among other things, to launch an armed insurrection that eventually led to the [[October Revolution|October 1917 revolution]] in the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=green/><ref name=palonen/><ref name=brackman/> Also, on 1 November 1905, during the General Strike, the famous ''[[Red Declaration]]'' was proclaimed in [[Tampere Central Square|Keskustori]].<ref name=spottinghistory/><ref name=kaunonen/>

[[File:Tampere destroyed in Civil War.jpg|alt=|thumb|The city after the [[Battle of Tampere]] during the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]]]]
After Finland gained its full independence, Tampere played an important role in the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]], being one of the most strategically important places for the [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic]] (FSWR) during the Finnish Civil War (28 January - 15 May 1918); the city was the most important industrial city in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, with a huge [[workforce|working population]].<ref name=voionmaa/>{{rp|pp=13–14}} Tampere was a Red stronghold during the war, commanded by Hugo Salmela. White forces led by [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|General Mannerheim]] captured the city after the [[Battle of Tampere]], taking about 10,000 [[Red Guard (Finland)|Red]] prisoners on 6 April 1918.<ref name=tepora/><ref name=norum/>

During the [[Winter War]], Tampere was bombed several times by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=lammi/> The reason for the bombing of Tampere was that the city was an important railway junction and was also home to the [[Valtion lentokonetehdas|State Aircraft Factory]] and the Tampella Factory, which produced [[ammunition]] and weapons, including [[grenade launcher]]s. The most devastating bombing took place on 2 March 1940, when nine people were killed and 30 wounded. In addition, ten buildings were destroyed and 30 damaged that day.<ref name=juonala/>

=== Post-war period and modern day ===

[[File:Yhteiskunnallinen korkeakoulu muuttaa.jpg|thumb|left|The Social University moves to Tampere in 1960.]]
The dominant force in Tampere's municipal politics after the [[Second World War]] was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (''aseveliakseli''), which consisted mainly of the [[National Coalition Party]] and the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democrats]]. While the [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]] was the largest political force in the Finnish countryside, it had no practical relevance in Tampere.<ref name=ekman/>

[[File:Filming a television program at Frenckell’s studio in Tampere, 1.2.1965 (19746637354).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|Tamvisio's [[camera operator]]s film a [[television program]] at Frenckell's studio on 2 January 1965 in Tampere.]]
After the Second World War, Tampere was enlarged by the incorporation of some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947, [[Lielahti]] in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and [[Teisko]] in 1972. Already in 1937 the most part of modern western Tampere, including Pispala, was annexed to the city from North Pirkkala (today Nokia). Tampere passed the 100,000 population mark in 1950.<ref name=antila/> Tampere was long known for its textile and metal industries, but these were largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications in the 1990s. The Hermia technology centre in [[Hervanta]] is home to many companies in these fields.<ref name=technopolis/><ref name=tampereen/> [[Yleisradio]] began broadcasting its second television channel, [[Yle TV2]], from [[Ristimäki]], Tampere, in 1965,<ref name=taavitsainen/><ref name=yle_tesvisio/> making Finland the first of the Nordic countries to receive a second television channel, after Sweden's [[SVT2]] began broadcasting four years later. Tampere became a [[university]] city when the Social University moved from Helsinki to Tampere in 1960, becoming the [[University of Tampere]] in 1966.<ref name=kaataja/> In 1979, the [[Tampere-Pirkkala airport]] was opened {{cvt|13|km}} from the centre of Tampere on the Pirkkala side of the city.<ref name=businesstampere_tampere_pirkkala/><ref name=aamulehti_2018-05-17/>

At the turn of the 1990s, Tampere's industry underwent a major structural change, as the production of Tampella and Tampere's textile industry in particular was heavily focused on [[bilateral trade]] with the Soviet Union, but when the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapsed in 1991]], the companies lost their main customers. As a result of the sudden change and the [[Early 1990s depression in Finland|depression of the early 1990s]], Finlayson and Suomen Trikoo had to scale down their operations drastically. Tampella went [[bankrupt]].<ref name=tekniikkatalous_2019-12-08/> But although the change left a huge amount of vacant industrial space in the city centre, in the early 2000s it was gradually put to other uses, and today's Tampere cityscape is mainly characterised by strong [[Information technology|IT]] companies, most notably [[Nokia]]'s Tampere R&D units.<ref name=uusiteknologia/>