Editing Tabebuia (section)

==Taxonomy==
In 1992, a revision of ''Tabebuia'' [[Species description|described]] 99 species and one [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]].<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> [[Phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]] of [[DNA sequence]]s later showed that ''Tabebuia'', as then [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]], was [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> In 2007, it was divided into three separate genera.<ref name="grose2007revisions">Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus ''Tabebuia'' s.l. (Bignoniaceae)". ''[[Systematic Botany]]'' '''32'''(3):660-670. {{doi|10.1600/036364407782250652}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Primavera (''[[Roseodendron donnell-smithii]]'') and a related species with no unique common name (''[[Roseodendron chryseum]]'') were transferred to ''[[Roseodendron]]''. Those species known as ''ipê'' and ''pau d'arco'' (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) or poui were transferred to ''[[Handroanthus]]''. Sixty-seven species remained in ''Tabebuia''. The former genus and polyphyletic group of 99 species described by [[Alwyn Howard Gentry|Gentry]] in 1992 is now usually referred to as "''Tabebuia'' [[sensu lato]]".<ref name="grose2007revisions"/>

===Species===
[[Image:Leaves I IMG 4036.jpg|thumb|right|Young leaves of ''[[Tabebuia aurea]]'']]
All of the species in the first two columns below were recognized and described by [[Alwyn Howard Gentry|Gentry]] in 1992.<ref name="gentry1992fn">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tribe Tecomeae)". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph '''25'''(part 2):1-150.</ref> Listed in the third column are [[species name]]s that have been used recently, but were not accepted by Gentry. The currently accepted [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] for each is in parentheses.

Some recently used names in ''Tabebuia'' that were not recognized by Gentry are not listed in the third column below because they apply to species that are now in ''[[Handroanthus]]''. ''Tabebuia spectabilis'' is an obsolete name for ''[[Handroanthus chrysanthus]]'' [[Subspecies|subsp.]] ''meridionalis''. ''Tabebuia ecuadorensis'' is now synonymized under ''[[Handroanthus billbergii]]''. ''Tabebuia heteropoda'' is now synonymized under ''[[Handroanthus ochraceus]]''.

No species that is now assigned to ''Roseodendron'' or to ''Handroanthus'' is listed below.

Authorities are cited for some of the names below. These can be found in Gentry (1992)<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> or at the [[International Plant Names Index]].<ref name="ipnitabebuia">''Tabebuia'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
{| border="0"
| valign="top" |
*''[[Tabebuia acrophylla]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia angustata]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia arimaoensis]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]]</small>
*''[[Tabebuia aurea]]'' – Caribbean trumpet tree
*''[[Tabebuia berteroi]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia bibracteolata]]'' <small>([[August Grisebach|Grisebach]]) Britton</small>
*''[[Tabebuia bullata]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia cassinoides]]'' <small>([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> 
*''[[Tabebuia conferta]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia dubia]]'' <small>([[Charles Wright (botanist)|C.Wright]] ex [[Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle|Sauvalle]]) Britton ex [[Russell Jacob Seibert|Seibert]]</small>
*''[[Tabebuia elliptica]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia elongata]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia fluviatilis]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia haemantha]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia heterophylla]]'' <small> </small> – pink manjack, pink trumpet tree, white cedar, and whitewood
*''[[Tabebuia hypoleuca]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia insignis]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia jackiana]]'' <small> </small>
| valign="top" |
*''[[Tabebuia maxonii]]''
*''[[Tabebuia microphylla]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia myrtifolia]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia nodosa]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia obtusifolia]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia orinocensis]]'' <small>([[Noel Yvri Sandwith|Sandwith]]) A.H. Gentry</small>
*''[[Tabebuia pallida]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia palustris]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia pilosa]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia platyantha]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia polymorpha]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia rosea]]'' <small>[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> – pink poui and rosy trumpet tree
*''[[Tabebuia roseo-alba]]'' – white ipê
*''[[Tabebuia schumanniana]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia shaferi]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia stenocalyx]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia striata]]'' <small> </small>
| valign="top" |
*''[[Tabebuia anafensis|T. anafensis]]'' <small>Urb.</small> (''T. myrtifolia'' var. ''petrophila'')
*''T. aquatilis'' <small> </small> (''T. fluviatilis'') 
*''T. argentea'' <small> </small> (''T. aurea'')
*''[[Tabebuia furfuracea|T. furfuracea]]'' <small> </small> (''T. bibracteolata'')
*''[[Tabebuia lapacho|T. lapacho]]'' <small> </small>
*''T. leucoxyla'' <small> </small> (''T. obtusifolia'')
*''[[Tabebuia ochracea|T. ochracea]]'' <small> </small>
*''[[Tabebuia oligolepis|T. oligolepis]]'' <small> </small> (''T. shaferi'')
*''T. pentaphylla'' <small> </small> (''T. rosea'')
*''T. uliginosa'' <small> </small> (''T. cassinoides'')
|}

===Taxonomic history===
[[Image:Plaque-Tabebuia-pallida-Réunion.JPG|thumb|right|Trunk of ''Tabebuia pallida'']]
The [[Botanical name|name]] ''Tabebuia'' entered the [[Scientific literature|botanical literature]] in 1803, when [[António Bernardino Gomes]] used it as a [[common name]] for ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', now a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] for ''Tabebuia cassinoides'', which he [[Diagnosis (taxonomy)|described]] as a species of ''[[Bignonia]]''.<ref name="gomes1803">Antonio B. Gomes. 1803. ''Observationes Botanico-medicae de Nonnullis Brasiliae Plantis''. Lisbon.</ref> ''Tabebuia'' is an abbreviation of "tacyba bebuya", a Tupi name meaning "ant wood".<ref name="gentry1969">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1969. "''Tabebuia'', the tortuous history of a generic name (Bignoniaceae)". ''Taxon'' '''18'''(6):635-642.</ref> Among the [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil]], similar names exist for various species of ''Tabebuia''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Quattrocchi|first=Umberto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC|title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3|volume=4 R-Z|pages=2621}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref>

''Tabebuia'' was first used as a [[Genus#Generic name|generic name]] by [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] in 1838.<ref name="ipnitabebuia"/><ref name="decandolle1838">Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. 1838. "Revue sommaire de la famille des Bignoniaceae". ''Bibliotheque Universelle de Genève'', series 2, '''17''':130.</ref> The [[type species]] for the genus is ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', which is now a synonym for ''Tabebuia cassinoides''.<ref name="ingtabebuia">''Tabebuia'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: [[Regnum Vegetabile]] (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Confusion soon ensued over the meaning of ''Tabebuia'' and what to include within it. Most of the misunderstanding was cleared up by [[Nathaniel Lord Britton]] in 1915.<ref name="britton1915">Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1915. "Studies of West Indian plants". ''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' '''42'''(7):372-379.</ref> Britton revived the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that had been originated in 1876 by [[George Bentham|Bentham]] and [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]], consisting of species with either simple or palmately compound leaves.<ref name="b&h1876">George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. ''Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita'' vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Similar plants with [[pinnate]]ly compound leaves were placed in ''[[Tecoma]]''. This is the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that was usually followed until 2007.

The genus ''Roseodendron'' was established by [[Faustino Miranda|Faustino Miranda González]] in 1965 for the two species now known as ''[[Roseodendron donnell-smithii]]'' and ''[[Roseodendron chryseum]]''.<ref name="miranda1965">Faustino Miranda-Gonzalez. 1965. "Estudios acerca de arboles y arbustos de America Tropical principamente de Mexico". ''Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico'' 29( ):34-49.</ref> These species had been placed in ''[[Cybistax]]'' by [[Russell J. Seibert]] in 1940,<ref name="seibert1940b">Russell J. Seibert. 1940. "New names in ''Cybistax'' and ''Tabebuia''". ''Tropical Woods'' '''63''':7-8.</ref> but were returned to ''Tabebuia'' by [[Alwyn Howard Gentry|Alwyn H. Gentry]] in 1992.<ref name="gentry1992fn"/>

''[[Handroanthus]]'' was established by [[Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos]] in 1970.<ref name="mattos1970">Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos. 1970. "''Handroanthus'', Um novo gênero para os "ipês" do Brasil". ''Loefgrenia'' '''50'''(?):1-4.</ref> Gentry did not agree with the [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregation]] of ''Handroanthus'' from ''Tabebuia'' and warned against "succumbing to further paroxysms of unwarranted splitting".<ref name="gentry1972">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1972. "''Handroanthus'' (Bignoniaceae): A critique". ''Taxon'' '''21'''(1):113-114.</ref> In 1992, Gentry published a revision of ''Tabebuia'' in [[Flora Neotropica]], in which he described 99 species and one [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]], including those species placed by some authors in ''Roseodendron'' or ''Handroanthus''.<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> Gentry divided ''Tabebuia'' into ten "species groups", some of them intentionally artificial. ''Tabebuia'', as currently circumscribed, consists of groups 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Group 1 is now the genus ''Roseodendron''. Groups 3, 4, and 5 compose the genus ''Handroanthus''.

In 2007, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|study]] found ''Handroanthus'' to be closer to a certain [[Clade|group]] of four genera than to ''Tabebuia''.<ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> This group consists of ''[[Spirotecoma]]'', ''[[Parmentiera]]'', ''[[Crescentia]]'', and ''[[Amphitecna]]''. A [[phylogenetic tree]] can be seen at [[Bignoniaceae#Phylogeny|Bignoniaceae]]. ''Handroanthus'' was duly resurrected and 30 species were assigned to it, with species boundaries the same as those of Gentry (1992).

''Roseodendron'' was resolved as [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] consisting of ''Handroanthus'' and four other genera. This result had only weak [[Resampling (statistics)|statistical support]], but ''Roseodendron'' clearly did not group with the remainder of ''Tabebuia''. Consequently, ''Roseodendron'' was resurrected in its original form.<ref name="grose2007revisions"/> The remaining 67 species of ''Tabebuia'' formed a strongly supported clade that is sister to ''[[Ekmanianthe]]'', a genus of two species from Cuba and Hispaniola. ''Tabebuia'' had been traditionally placed in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Tecomeae]], but that tribe is now defined much more narrowly than it had been, and it now excludes ''Tabebuia''.<ref name="olmstead2009">Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, and Andrew J. Eckert. 2009. "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''96'''(9):1731-1743. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.0900004}}</ref> ''Tabebuia'' is now one of 12 to 14 genera belonging to a [[Taxon|group]] that is informally called the ''Tabebuia'' [[alliance (taxonomy)|alliance]]. This group has not been placed at any particular [[taxonomic rank]].

[[Cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA]] [[data]] has strongly supported ''Tabebuia'' by [[Bayesian inference]] and [[maximum parsimony]]. Such studies have so far revealed almost nothing about relationships within the genus, placing nearly all of the [[Sample (material)|sampled]] species in a large [[polytomy]].