Editing Syndicalism (section)

=== Rise ===
[[File:Bakunin.png|thumb|upright|[[Mikhail Bakunin]], an anarchist whom syndicalists viewed as an intellectual forerunner]]
Revolutionary industrial unionism, part of syndicalism in the broader sense, originated with the IWW in the United States and then caught on in other countries.{{Sfn|Cole|Struthers|Zimmer|2017|pp=2–3}} In a number of countries, certain syndicalist practices and ideas predate the coining of the term in France or the founding of the IWW. In Bert Altena's view, a number of movements in Europe can be called syndicalist, even before 1900. According to the English social historian [[E. P. Thompson]] and the anarcho-syndicalist theorist [[Rudolf Rocker]], there were syndicalist tendencies in Britain's labor movement as early as the 1830s.{{Sfnm|1a1=Altena|1y=2010|1p=197|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2018|2p=353}} Syndicalism's direct roots were in [[Pierre Joseph Proudhon]]'s [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]], a form of [[socialism]] that focused on cooperation among the community of man. He coined ''[[capitalist]]'' to describe the political class granting itself monopolies on the use of capital, and wanted workers to oppose this state control through peaceful means, only using force defensively. Proudhon's ideas were popular in the [[anti-authoritarian]] wing of the early [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA), the first international socialist organization, formed in 1864. Its most successful early leader, Russian anarchist [[Mikhail Bakunin]], came to believe that worker organizations should consider using force to advance their cause, when necessary. He and his followers advocated the general strike, rejected electoral politics, and anticipated workers' organizations replacing rule by the state, central syndicalist themes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Thorpe|1y=1989|1pp=1–2, 5–6|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2018|2pp=353–354}}

According to [[Lucien van der Walt]], the [[Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA]], which was formed in 1870, was in fact syndicalist.{{Sfn|van der Walt|2018|pp=253}} Kenyon Zimmer sees a "proto-syndicalism" in the influence the [[anarchist]]-led [[International Working People's Association]] (IWPA) and [[Central Labor Union]], which originated in the American section of the First International, had in the Chicago labor movement of the 1880s. They were involved in the nationwide struggle for an [[eight-hour day]]. On 3 May 1886, the police killed three striking workers at a demonstration in Chicago. Seven policemen and four workers were killed the following day when someone, possibly a police member, threw a bomb into the crowd. Four anarchists were eventually executed for allegedly conspiring to the events. The [[Haymarket Affair]], as these events became known, led anarchists and labor organizers, including syndicalists, in both the United States and Europe to re-evaluate the revolutionary meaning of the general strike.{{Sfn|Zimmer|2018|pp=354–358}}

<!-- Anarchist dominance in Latin American labor movements. -->
According to [[Émile Pouget]], a French anarchist and CGT leader, from "the United States, the idea of the general strike{{spaced ndash}} fertilized by the blood of anarchists hanged in Chicago ...{{spaced ndash}} was imported to France".{{Sfn|Zimmer|2018|pp=357–358}} In the 1890s, French anarchists, conceding that individual action such as assassinations had failed, turned their focus to the labor movement. They were able to gain influence, particularly in the {{lang|fr|[[bourses du travail]]}}, which served as [[labor exchange]]s, meeting places for unions, and [[trades council]]s and organized in a national federation in 1893.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ridley|1y=1970|1pp=43–44, 65–66|2a1=Mitchell|2y=1990|2pp=27–28}} In 1895, the CGT was formed as a rival to the {{lang|fr|bourses}} but was at first much weaker. From the start, it advocated the general strike and aimed to unite all workers. Pouget, who was active in the CGT, supported the use of sabotage and direct action. In 1902, the {{lang|fr|bourses}} merged into the CGT.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ridley|1y=1970|1pp=67–70|2a1=Mitchell|2y=1990|2pp=28–29}} In 1906, the federation adopted the [[Charter of Amiens]], which reaffirmed the CGT's independence from party politics and fixed the goal of uniting all French workers.{{Sfnm|1a1=Mitchell|1y=1990|1pp=33–34|2a1=Ridley|2y=1970|2pp=88–92}}

In 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World were formed in the United States by the [[Western Federation of Miners]], the [[American Labor Union]], and a broad coalition of socialists, anarchists, and labor unionists. Its base was mostly in the Western United States, where labor conflicts were most violent and workers therefore radicalized.{{Sfnm|1a1=Dubofsky|1y=1969|1pp=36–37, 81–82|2a1=Zimmer|2y=2018|2p=359}} Although the Wobblies insisted their union was a distinctly American form of labor organization and not an import of European syndicalism, the IWW was syndicalist in the broader sense of the word. According to [[Melvyn Dubofsky]] and most other IWW historians, the IWW's industrial unionism was the specifically American form of syndicalism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Dubofsky|1y=1969|1pp=147–148, 169–170|2a1=Peterson|2y=1981|2p=53}} Nevertheless, the IWW also had a presence in Canada and Mexico nearly from its inception, as the United States economy and labor force was intertwined with those countries.{{Sfn|Cole|Struthers|Zimmer|2017|p=8}}

[[File:Pouget. Émile, Jean, Joseph. 31 ans, né le 12-10-60 à Rodez (Aveyron). Publiciste. Anarchiste. 26-4-92. MET DP290755.jpg|thumb|upright|French syndicalist leader [[Émile Pouget]]]]
French syndicalism and American industrial unionism influenced the rise of syndicalism elsewhere.{{Sfn|Zimmer|2018|p=359}} Syndicalist movements and organizations in a number of countries were established by activists who had spent time in France. [[Ervin Szabó]] visited Paris in 1904 and then established a Syndicalist Propaganda Group in his native Hungary in 1910. Several of the founders of the Spanish CNT had visited France. [[Alceste de Ambris]] and {{ill|Armando Borghi|it|Armando Borghi}}, both leaders in Italy's USI, were in Paris for a few months from 1910 to 1911. French influence also spread through publications. Pouget's pamphlets could be read in Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English, German, and Swedish translations. Journals and newspapers in a number of countries advocated syndicalism. For example, {{lang|fr|L'Action directe}}, a journal mainly for miners in [[Charleroi]], Belgium, urged its readers to follow "the example of our confederated friends of France".{{Sfn|Thorpe|2010b|pp=20–23}} The IWW's newspapers published articles on French syndicalism, particularly the tactic of sabotage and the CGT's {{lang|fr|[[La Vie Ouvrière]]}} carried articles about Britain's labor movement by the British syndicalist [[Tom Mann]].{{Sfn|Darlington|2008|pp=90–91}} Migration played a key role in spreading syndicalist ideas. The [[Argentine Regional Workers' Federation]] ({{lang|es|Federación Obrera Regional Argentina}}, FORA), openly anarchist by 1905, was formed by Italian and Spanish immigrants in 1901.{{Sfnm|1a1=Zimmer|1y=2013|1p=2|2a1=Thompson|2y=1990|2p=169}} Many IWW leaders were European immigrants, including [[Edmondo Rossoni]] who moved between the United States and Italy and was active in both the IWW and USI.{{Sfn|Darlington|2008|p=90}} International work processes also contributed to the diffusion of syndicalism. For example, sailors helped establish IWW presences in port cities around the world.{{Sfn|Darlington|2008|p=89}}

Syndicalists formed different kinds of organizations. Some like the French radicals worked within existing unions to infuse them with their revolutionary spirit. Some found existing unions entirely unsuitable and built federations of their own, a strategy known as ''dual unionism''. American syndicalists formed the IWW, although [[William Z. Foster]] later abandoned the IWW after a trip to France and set up the [[Syndicalist League of North America]] (SLNA), which sought to radicalize the established [[American Federation of Labor]] (AFL). In Ireland, the ITGWU broke away from a more moderate, and British-based, union. In Italy and [[Labor movement in Spain|Spain]], syndicalists initially worked within the established union confederations before breaking away and forming USI and the CNT respectively.{{Sfn|Darlington|2008|pp=31–32}} In Norway, there were both the Norwegian Trade Union Opposition ({{lang|no|Norske Fagopposition}}, NFO), syndicalists working within the mainstream [[Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions]] ({{lang|no|Landsorganisasjonen i Norge}} in Norwegian, LO), and the Norwegian Syndicalist Federation ({{lang|no|Norsk Syndikalistik Federation}} in Norwegian, NSF), an independent syndicalist organization set up by the Swedish SAC.{{Sfn|Persson|1990|pp=94–95}} There was a similar conflict between the [[Industrial Syndicalist Education League]] and the [[Industrial Workers of Great Britain]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Challinor|1y=1977|1p=xxx|2a1=Darlington|2y=2008|2p=133}}

[[File:James Larkin, circa 1910 (cropped).png|thumb|upright|[[James Larkin]], on whom Larkinism was centred]]
By 1914, there were syndicalist national labor confederations in Peru,{{Sfn|Hirsch|2010|p=231}} Brazil,{{Sfn|Toledo|Biondi|2010|p=367}} Argentina,{{Sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1990|1p=169|2a1=van der Linden|2a2=Thorpe|2y=1990|2p=5}} Mexico,{{Sfn|Hart|1990|p=185}} the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Italy, and France, while Belgian syndicalists were in the process of forming one.{{Sfn|Thorpe|2010b|p=24}} There were also groups advocating syndicalism in Russia,{{Sfn|Avrich|1967|pp=78–79}} Japan,{{Sfn|Crump|1993|p=32}} the United States,{{Sfn|Darlington|2008|p=211}} Portugal, Norway, Denmark, Hungary, and Great Britain.{{Sfn|Thorpe|2010b|p=24}} Outside of North America, the IWW also had organizations in Australia,{{Sfn|Burgmann|1995|p=xxx}} New Zealand, where it was part of the [[New Zealand Federation of Labour (1909)|Federation of Labour]] (FOL),{{Sfn|Olssen|1988|p=xxx}} Great Britain even though its membership had imploded by 1913,{{Sfnm|1a1=Challinor|1y=1977|1p=xxx|2a1=Darlington|2y=2008|2p=133}} and South Africa.{{Sfn|van der Walt|2010|pp=58–59}} In Ireland, syndicalism took the form of the [[Irish Transport and General Workers' Union]] (ITGWU), which espoused a mix of industrial unionism and socialist [[Irish republicanism]], and was labeled Larkinism.{{Sfnm|1a1=O'Connor|1y=2010|1pp=194–196, 199, 202–204, 213|2a1=Darlington|2y=2008|2p=76}}