Editing Sydney Opera House (section)

==History==

===Origins of the project===

====Site selection====
[[File:Aerial view of Sydney Harbour - the bridge is under construction.jpg|thumb|Bennelong Point with tram depot in the 1920s (top left-hand side of photograph), during the building of [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] (foreground)|left]]
Planning began in the late 1940s when [[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Eugene Goossens]], the Director of the [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music|New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music]], lobbied for a suitable venue for large theatrical productions. The normal venue for such productions, the [[Sydney Town Hall]], was not considered large enough. By 1954, Goossens succeeded in gaining the support of New South Wales Premier [[Joseph Cahill]], who called for designs for a dedicated opera house. It was also Goossens who insisted that Bennelong Point be the site: Cahill had wanted it to be on or near [[Wynyard railway station, Sydney|Wynyard Railway Station]] in the northwest of the [[Sydney central business district|central business district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |title=Sydney Architecture Images- Sydney Opera House |publisher=Sydneyarchitecture.com |access-date=9 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224195120/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |archive-date=24 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Architecture competition 1955–1957====
An international [[Architectural design competition|design competition]] with a grand prize of 5,000 [[Australian pound]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ericellis.com/utzon.htm|title=Eric Ellis interview with Utzon in the ''Sydney Morning Herald Good Weekend''|work=Ericellis.com|date=31 October 1992|access-date=2 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020726154645/http://www.ericellis.com/utzon.htm|archive-date=26 July 2002}}</ref> was launched by Cahill on 13 September 1955 and received 233 entries, representing architects from 32 countries. The criteria specified a large hall seating 3,000 and a small hall for 1,200 people, each to be designed for different uses, including full-scale operas, orchestral and choral concerts, mass meetings, lectures, ballet performances, and other presentations.<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Ziegler
 | first = Oswald
 | title = Sydney Builds an Opera House
 | publisher=Oswald Ziegler Publications
 | year = 1973
 | page = 35
 }}</ref>
[[File:Sydney Opera House - Jørn Utzon drawings (5247755534).jpg|left|thumb|[[Jørn Utzon|Utzon's]] initial sketches in 1957]]

The jury for the competition were: Professor Henry Ashworth ([[University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning|University of Sydney]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lumby |first=Roy |date=2014 |title=Henry Ingham Ashworth (1907–1991) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ashworth-henry-ingham-15498 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Australian Dictionay of Biography}}</ref> Cobden Parkes ([[New South Wales Government Architect]]); Professor [[Leslie Martin]] (Professor of Architecture of [[Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] and architect of [[Royal Festival Hall]] 1951) and American architect [[Eero Saarinen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=From the Archives, 1957: Utzon's design wins Opera House contest, edited version of a story first published in The Sydney Morning Herald on January 30, 1957. |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/from-the-archives-1957-utzon-s-design-wins-opera-house-contest-20210117-p56uq5.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

The winner, announced in Sydney on 29 January 1957,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=From the Archives, 1957: Utzon's design wins Opera House contest, edited version of a story first published in The Sydney Morning Herald on January 30, 1957. |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/from-the-archives-1957-utzon-s-design-wins-opera-house-contest-20210117-p56uq5.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> was Danish architect [[Jørn Utzon]]. Utzon's distinctive design was selected by Finnish-American architect [[Eero Saarinen]] from a final cut of 30 rejects<ref>{{cite book |author1=Geddes, Robert |author-link1=Second Thoughts: Reflections on Winning Second Prize |editor1-last=Watson |editor1-first=Anne |title=Building a Masterpiece: The Sydney Opera House |date=2013 |publisher=Powerhouse Press |location=Sydney |isbn=9780853319412 |page=56}}</ref> and was inspired by natural shapes, most notably those of bird wings, clouds, shells, walnuts, rivers and palm leaves.<ref>{{cite AV media | title=Sydney Opera House: Inspired by Nature | publisher=Sydney Opera House | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Phiq8szxpA | date=March 5, 2015 | type=video | location=Australia }}</ref>

The runner-up was a [[Philadelphia]]-based team assembled by [[Robert Geddes (architect)|Robert Geddes]] and George Qualls, both teaching at the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Design]]. They brought together a band of Penn faculty and friends from Philadelphia architectural offices, including Melvin Brecher, Warren Cunningham, Joseph Marzella, Walter Wiseman, and Leon Loschetter. Geddes, Brecher, Qualls, and Cunningham went on to found the firm GBQC Architects.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Utzon visited Sydney in 1957 to help supervise the project.<ref>{{cite web
 | title=Millennium Masterwork: Jorn Utzon's Sydney Opera House
 | work=Hugh Pearman
 | publisher=Gabion
 | url=http://www.hughpearman.com/articles/sydney.htm
 | access-date=28 June 2007
 | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231514/http://www.hughpearman.com/articles/sydney.htm
 | archive-date=26 September 2007
 | df=dmy-all
 }}</ref> His office moved to [[Palm Beach, New South Wales|Palm Beach]], Sydney in February 1963.<ref>Drew, Philip, "The Masterpiece: Jørn Utzon: a secret life", Hardie Grant Books, 1999</ref>

Utzon received the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]], architecture's highest honour, in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/sydney-opera-house-architect-joern-utzon-dead/2008/11/30/1227979814647.html|title=Joern Utzon dead|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=30 November 2008|access-date=23 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104002919/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/sydney-opera-house-architect-joern-utzon-dead/2008/11/30/1227979814647.html|archive-date=4 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pritzker Prize citation read:
{{blockquote|There is no doubt that the Sydney Opera House is his masterpiece. It is one of the great iconic buildings of the 20th century, an image of great beauty that has become known throughout the world – a symbol for not only a city but a whole country and continent.}}

===Design development and construction timeline===
====Preparation of site====
The [[Fort Macquarie Tram Depot]], occupying the site at the time of these plans, was demolished in 1958 and construction began in March 1959. The Opera House was built in four stages: stage I (1957–1959) was planning out the building; stage II (1959–1963) consisted of building the upper podium; stage III (1963–1967) the construction of the outer shells, based upon the image of whales breaching the water; stage IV (1967–1973) interior design and construction.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

====Stage I: Podium====
Stage I started on 2 March 1959 with the construction firm [[Civil & Civic]], monitored by the engineers [[Arup Group Limited|Ove Arup and Partners]].<ref name=sa>[http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm Sydney Architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010222/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}. Retrieved 1 November 2008.</ref> The government had pushed for work to begin early, fearing that funding, or public opinion, might turn against them. But Utzon had still not completed the final designs. Major structural issues still remained unresolved. By 23 January 1961, work was running 47 weeks behind,<ref name=sa/> mainly because of unexpected difficulties (inclement weather, unexpected difficulty diverting stormwater, construction beginning before proper construction drawings had been prepared, changes of original contract documents). Work on the podium was finally completed in February 1963. The forced early start led to significant later problems, not least of which was that the podium columns were not strong enough to support the roof structure, and had to be re-built.<ref name="PMurray">{{cite book
 | last = Murray
 | first = Peter
 | title = The Saga of the Sydney Opera House
 | publisher=Spon Press
 | year = 2004
 | location = London
 | isbn = 0-415-32521-8 }}</ref>

====Stage II: Roof====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE under construction and ferries including BELLUBERA and KARINGAL 1962.tif|Podium structure complete, 1962
File:SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE under construction 1965.tif|Shells structure, {{Circa|1965}}
File:SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE under construction circa 1965.tif|Roof and shell structure, {{Circa|1965}}
File:Sydney Opera House construction 1968.jpg|Tiles complete, {{Circa|1968}}
</gallery>
The [[Thin-shell structure|shells]] of the competition entry were originally of undefined geometry,<ref>Arup, Ove and Zunz, G.J.: Article in ''Structural Engineer'' Volume 47, March 1969</ref> but, early in the design process, the "shells" were perceived as a series of [[parabola]]s supported by precast concrete ribs. However, engineers [[Arup Group|Ove Arup and Partners]] were unable to find an acceptable solution to constructing them. The [[formwork]] for using ''[[in-situ]]'' concrete would have been prohibitively expensive, and, because there was no repetition in any of the roof forms, the construction of precast concrete for each individual section would possibly have been even more expensive.

[[File:AUS NSW Opera House DSC05118.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Opera House shell ribs]]
[[File:Sydney Opera House Ceramic Tile Pattern.jpg|thumb|right|The glazed ceramic tiles of the Sydney Opera House]]
From 1957 to 1963, the design team went through at least 12 iterations of the form of the shells trying to find an economically acceptable form (including schemes with parabolas, circular ribs and [[ellipsoids]]) before a workable solution was completed.

The design work on the shells involved one of the earliest uses of computers in [[structural analysis]], to understand the complex forces to which the shells would be subjected.<ref name="PJones">Jones, Peter: ''Ove Arup: Masterbuilder of the Twentieth Century''. Yale University Press, 2006.</ref><ref name=bertony>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-47880938 |title=Joseph Bertony: The spy who helped mastermind the Sydney Opera House|website=BBC News |first=Ashitha |last=Nagesh |date= 13 April 2019}}</ref> The computer system was also used in the assembly of the arches. The pins in the arches were surveyed at the end of each day, and the information was entered into the computer so the next arch could be properly placed the following day.

In mid-1961, the design team found a solution to the problem: the shells all being created as sections from a sphere. This solution allows arches of varying length to be cast in a common mould, and a number of arch segments of common length to be placed adjacent to one another, to form a spherical section. With whom exactly this solution originated has been the subject of some controversy. It was originally credited to Utzon. Ove Arup's letter to Ashworth, a member of the Sydney Opera House Executive Committee, states: "Utzon came up with an idea of making all the shells of uniform curvature throughout in both directions."<ref name=autogenerated3>page 199</ref> Peter Jones, the author of Ove Arup's biography, states that "the architect and his supporters alike claimed to recall the precise [[Eureka effect|''eureka'' moment]] ...; the engineers and some of their associates, with equal conviction, recall discussion in both central London and at Ove's house."

He goes on to claim that "the existing evidence shows that Arup's canvassed several possibilities for the geometry of the shells, from parabolas to ellipsoids and spheres."<ref name="PJones" /> Yuzo Mikami, a member of the design team, presents an opposite view in his book on the project, ''Utzon's Sphere''.<ref name="sphere">{{cite web| author=Bentley, Paul| date=September 2001| title=A Matter of Integrity – A Review of Yuzo Mikami's ''Utzon's Sphere''| publisher=The Wolanski Foundation| url=http://www.twf.org.au/research/mikami.html| access-date=30 January 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102161608/http://www.twf.org.au/research/mikami.html| archive-date=2 January 2007| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Mikami, Yuzo: ''Utzon's Sphere'', Tokyo: Shoku Kusha. 2001.</ref> It is unlikely that the truth will ever be categorically known, but there is a clear consensus that the design team worked very well indeed for the first part of the project and that Utzon, Arup, and Ronald Jenkins (partner of Ove Arup and Partners responsible for the Opera House project) all played a very significant part in the design development.<ref name="findarticles">{{cite news|author=Hunt, Tony |date=October 2001 |title=Utzon's Sphere: Sydney Opera House—How It Was Designed and Built—Review |publisher=EMAP Architecture, Gale Group |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3575/is_1256_210/ai_79759827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219120138/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3575/is_1256_210/ai_79759827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2006 |access-date=30 January 2007 }}</ref>

As [[Peter Murray (architectural writer)|Peter Murray]] states in ''The Saga of the Sydney Opera House'':<ref name="PMurray" />

{{blockquote|... the two men—and their teams—enjoyed a collaboration that was remarkable in its fruitfulness and, despite many traumas, was seen by most of those involved in the project as a high point of architect/engineer collaboration.}}

The design of the roof was tested on scale models in [[wind tunnel]]s at [[University of Southampton]] and later [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|NPL]] to establish the wind-pressure distribution around the roof shape in very high winds, which helped in the design of the roof tiles and their fixtures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/mob/collection/database/?irn=12041&img=7593 |title=Model of Sydney Opera House, 1960 |work=Powerhouse Museum – Collection Database |year=2014 |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506212436/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/mob/collection/database/?irn=12041&img=7593 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npl.co.uk/content/conWebDoc/8580 |title=Building the Sydney Opera House |work=npl.co.uk |year=2014 |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506200203/http://www.npl.co.uk/content/conWebDoc/8580 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Sydney Opera House At Night 2.jpg|thumb|The shells of the Opera House at night, viewed from the south]]
The immensely complex design and construction of the shells was completed by [[Bilfinger Berger|Hornibrook Group Pty Ltd]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bilfingerberger.com/C1257130005050D5/vwContentByKey/W26U3AX8814LUNADE/$FILE/bb_historie_en.html |title=Bilfinger Berger corporate history |publisher=Bilfingerberger.com |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324054618/http://www.bilfingerberger.com/C1257130005050D5/vwContentByKey/W26U3AX8814LUNADE/%24FILE/bb_historie_en.html |archive-date=24 March 2010 }}</ref> who were also responsible for construction in Stage III.<ref>{{SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/archives-reveal-more-history-hornibrook-innovation-building-sydney-opera-house|title=Archives reveal more history of Hornibrook innovation in the building of Sydney Opera House.|date=3 November 2021|author(s)=Julie Hornibrook|accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref> Hornibrook manufactured the 2400 precast ribs and 4000 roof panels in an on-site factory and also developed the construction processes.<ref name="PMurray" /> The achievement of this solution avoided the need for expensive formwork construction by allowing the use of precast units and it also allowed the roof tiles to be prefabricated in sheets on the ground, instead of being stuck on individually at height.

The tiles themselves were manufactured by the Swedish company [[Höganäs Keramik]]. It took three years of development to produce the effect Utzon wanted in what became known as the Sydney Tile, 120mm square. It is made from clay with a small percentage of crushed stone.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/our-story/sydney-opera-house-history/spherical-solution.html| title = sydneyoperahouse.com}}</ref>

Ove Arup and Partners' site engineer supervised the construction of the shells, which used an innovative adjustable steel-trussed "erection arch" (developed by Hornibrook's engineer [[Joe Bertony]]) to support the different roofs before completion.<ref name=bertony/> On 6 April 1962, it was estimated that the Opera House would be completed between August 1964 and March 1965.

====Stage III: Interiors====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:SSO at the Concert Hall in the Sydney Opera House on 20 July 2022.jpg|The Concert Hall and [[Sydney Opera House Grand Organ|organ]]
File:Concert Hall Interior.JPG|View from the stage of the Concert Hall
File:Joan Sutherland Theatre Interior.JPG|View from the stage of the Joan Sutherland Theatre
File:Studio Theatre Interior.JPG|Interior of the Studio Theatre
</gallery>
Stage III, the interiors, started with Utzon moving his entire office to Sydney in February 1963. However, there was a change of government in 1965, and the new [[Robert Askin]] government declared the project under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works. Due to the Ministry's criticism of the project's costs and time,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/The_Architect.aspx|title=Sydney Opera House – the Architect – Sydney Opera House|website=www.sydneyoperahouse.com|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513175048/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/the_architect.aspx|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> along with their impression of Utzon's designs being impractical, this ultimately led to his resignation in 1966 (see below).

The cost of the project so far, even in October 1966, was still only [[Australian dollar|A$]]22.9&nbsp;million,<ref>[http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm Sydney Architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010222/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/ROC/QUA01.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}. Retrieved 1 December 2008.</ref> less than a quarter of the final $102&nbsp;million cost. However, the projected costs for the design were at this stage much more significant.
[[File:Sydney Opera House Concert Theatre.JPG|thumb|The Concert Hall prior to renovations in 2020]]
The second stage of construction was progressing toward completion when Utzon resigned. His position was principally taken over by [[Peter Hall (architect)|Peter Hall]], who became largely responsible for the interior design. Other persons appointed that same year to replace Utzon were E. H. Farmer as government architect, D. S. Littlemore and Lionel Todd.

Following Utzon's resignation, the acoustic advisor, Lothar Cremer, confirmed to the Sydney Opera House Executive Committee (SOHEC) that Utzon's original acoustic design allowed for only 2,000 seats in the main hall and further stated that increasing the number of seats to 3,000 as specified in the [[brief (architecture)|brief]] would be disastrous for the acoustics. According to Peter Jones, the stage designer, Martin Carr, criticised the "shape, height and width of the stage, the physical facilities for artists, the location of the dressing rooms, the widths of doors and lifts, and the location of lighting switchboards."<ref name=autogenerated4>page203</ref>

====Significant changes to Utzon's design====
[[File:Foyer of Opera Theatre, Sydney Opera House, jjron, 03.12.2010.jpg|thumb|The foyer of the Joan Sutherland Theatre, showing the internal structure and steel framing of the glass curtain walls; the final constructions were modified from Utzon's original designs]]
[[File:Sydney Opera House - interior (2).jpg|thumb|The foyer of the Concert Hall]]
* The major hall, which was originally to be a multipurpose opera/concert hall, became solely a concert hall, called the Concert Hall. The minor hall, originally for stage productions only, incorporated opera and ballet functions and was called the Opera Theatre, later renamed the Joan Sutherland Theatre. As a result, the Joan Sutherland Theatre is inadequate to stage large-scale opera and ballet. A theatre, a cinema and a library were also added. These were later changed to two live drama theatres and a smaller theatre "in the round". These now comprise the Drama Theatre, the Playhouse and the Studio respectively. These changes were primarily because of inadequacies in the original competition brief, which did not make it adequately clear how the Opera House was to be used. The layout of the interiors was changed, and the stage machinery, already designed and fitted inside the major hall, was pulled out and largely thrown away, as detailed in the 1968 BBC TV documentary ''Autopsy on a Dream'', which "chronicles the full spectrum of controversy surrounding the construction of the Sydney Opera House".<ref>Anderson, Doug: [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/oct/21/autopsy-on-a-dream-unflattering-national-psyche Review of rediscovered Sydney Opera House film ''Autopsy on a Dream''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305064511/http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/oct/21/autopsy-on-a-dream-unflattering-national-psyche |date=5 March 2016 }} at ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 October 2013</ref>
* Externally, the cladding to the podium and the paving (the podium was originally not to be clad down to the water, but to be left open).
* The construction of the glass walls: Utzon was planning to use a system of prefabricated plywood [[mullion]]s, but a different system was designed to deal with the glass.
* Utzon's plywood corridor designs, and his acoustic and seating designs for the interior of both major halls, were scrapped completely. His design for the Concert Hall was rejected as it only seated 2000, which was considered insufficient.<ref name="PJones"/> Utzon employed the acoustic consultant Lothar Cremer, and his designs for the major halls were later modelled and found to be very good. The subsequent Todd, Hall and Littlemore versions of both major halls have some problems with acoustics, particularly for the performing musicians. The orchestra pit in the Joan Sutherland Theatre is cramped and dangerous to musicians' hearing.<ref>{{cite news |author=Morgan, Joyce |date=November 2006 |title=The phantoms that threaten the Opera House |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-phantoms-that-threaten-the-opera-house/2006/11/10/1162661901377.html |access-date=13 March 2007 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016055723/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-phantoms-that-threaten-the-opera-house/2006/11/10/1162661901377.html |archive-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Concert Hall has a very high roof, leading to a lack of early reflections onstage—[[perspex]] rings (the "acoustic clouds") hanging over the stage were added shortly before opening in an (unsuccessful) attempt to address this problem.

====Completion and cost====
The Opera House was formally completed in 1973, having cost [[Australian dollar|$]]102&nbsp;million.<ref>New South Wales Government, Department of Commerce, [http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/state-archives/guides-and-finding-aids/archives-in-brief/archives-in-brief-30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126044007/http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/state-archives/guides-and-finding-aids/archives-in-brief/archives-in-brief-30|date=26 November 2014}} Accessed 3 December 2014</ref> H.R. "Sam" Hoare, the Hornibrook director in charge of the project, provided the following approximations in 1973:
Stage I: podium Civil & Civic Pty Ltd approximately $5.5m.
Stage II: roof shells M.R. Hornibrook (NSW) Pty Ltd approximately $12.5m.
Stage III: completion The Hornibrook Group $56.5m.
Separate contracts: stage equipment, stage lighting and organ $9.0m. Fees and other costs: $16.5m.

The original cost and scheduling estimates in 1957 projected a cost of [[Australian pound|£]]3,500,000 ($7&nbsp;million) and completion date of 26 January 1963 ([[Australia Day]]).<ref name="PJones"/> In reality, the project was completed ten years late and 1,357% [[over budget]] in real terms.

==== Strike and Workers' Control ====
In 1972, a construction worker was fired, leading the [[Builders Labourers Federation|BLF]]-affiliated workers to demand his rehiring and a 25% wage increase. In response to this, all the workers were fired, and in revenge the workers broke into the construction site with a crowbar and brought their own toolboxes. [[Workers' control]] was applied to the site for five weeks as the construction workers worked 35 hours a week with improved morale, more efficient organization and fewer people skipping work. The workers agreed to end their work-in when management agreed to give them a 25% wage increase, the right to elect their foremen, four weeks annual leave and a large payment for their troubles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Forms of Worker Organization: The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class Struggle Unionism – Chapter 10: Doing without the boss: Workers' Control Experiments in Australia in the 1970s|last=Ness|first=Immanuel|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=The 1972 Sydney Opera House Work-In |url=https://commonslibrary.org/the-1972-sydney-opera-house/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=The Commons |language=en-AU}}</ref>

===Utzon and his resignation===
[[File:Sydney Opera House (30111403413).jpg|thumb|The building illuminated at night]]
Before the Sydney Opera House competition, Jørn Utzon had won seven of the 18 competitions he had entered but had never seen any of his designs built.<ref name=autogenerated1>page174</ref> Utzon's submitted concept for the Sydney Opera House was almost universally admired and considered groundbreaking. The Assessors Report of January 1957 stated:

{{blockquote|The drawings submitted for this scheme are simple to the point of being diagrammatic. Nevertheless, as we have returned again and again to the study of these drawings, we are convinced that they present a concept of an Opera House which is capable of becoming one of the great buildings of the world.}}

For the first stage, Utzon worked successfully with the rest of the design team and the client, but, as the project progressed, the Cahill government insisted on progressive revisions. They also did not fully appreciate the costs or work involved in design and construction. Tensions between the client and the design team grew further when an early start to construction was demanded despite an incomplete design. This resulted in a continuing series of delays and setbacks while various technical engineering issues were being refined. The building was unique, and the problems with the design issues and cost increases were exacerbated by commencement of work before the completion of the final plans.

After the 1965 election of the Liberal Party, with [[Robert Askin]] becoming [[Premier of New South Wales]], the relationship of client, architect, engineers and contractors became increasingly tense. Askin had been a "vocal critic of the project prior to gaining office."<ref name="smh.com.au">{{cite news |author=Farrelly, Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Farrelly |title=High noon at Bennelong Point |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/high-noon-at-bennelong-point/2008/11/30/1227979845045.html?page=fullpage |access-date=3 December 2014 |date=30 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807212144/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/high-noon-at-bennelong-point/2008/11/30/1227979845045.html?page=fullpage |archive-date=7 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> His new Minister for Public Works, [[Davis Hughes]], was even less sympathetic. [[Elizabeth Farrelly]], an Australian architecture critic, wrote that:
{{blockquote|at an election night dinner party in Mosman, Hughes' daughter Sue Burgoyne boasted that her father would soon sack Utzon. Hughes had no interest in art, architecture or aesthetics. A fraud, as well as a philistine, he had been exposed before Parliament and dumped as Country Party leader for 19 years of falsely claiming a university degree. The Opera House gave Hughes a second chance. For him, as for Utzon, it was all about control; about the triumph of homegrown mediocrity over foreign genius.<ref name="smh.com.au"/>}}
[[File:Sydney Opera House mid-morning.jpg|left|thumb|The Opera House seen from the north]]
Differences ensued. One of the first was that Utzon believed the clients should receive information on all aspects of the design and construction through his practice, while the clients wanted a system (notably drawn in sketch form by Davis Hughes) where architect, contractors, and engineers each reported to the client directly and separately. This had great implications for [[procurement]] methods and cost control, with Utzon wishing to negotiate contracts with chosen suppliers (such as Ralph Symonds for the plywood interiors) and the New South Wales government insisting contracts be [[Call for bids|put out to tender]].<ref name="PMurray" />

Utzon was highly reluctant to respond to questions or criticism from the client's Sydney Opera House Executive Committee (SOHEC).<ref name=autogenerated2>page 191</ref> However, he was greatly supported throughout by a member of the committee and one of the original competition judges, [[Harry Ingham Ashworth]]. Utzon was unwilling to compromise on some aspects of his designs that the clients wanted to change.

Utzon's ability was never in doubt, despite questions raised by Davis Hughes, who attempted to portray Utzon as an impractical dreamer. Ove Arup actually stated that Utzon was "probably the best of any I have come across in my long experience of working with architects"<ref name=autogenerated7>page 209</ref> and: "The Opera House could become the world's foremost contemporary masterpiece if Utzon is given his head."
[[File:Sydney Opera House, botanic gardens 1.jpg|thumb|left|The Opera House, backed by the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]], from the eastern [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Botanic Gardens]]]]

In 1965 Utzon was working closely with [[Ralph Symonds]], a manufacturer of [[plywood]] based in Sydney and highly regarded by many, despite an Arup engineer warning that Ralph Symonds's "knowledge of the design stresses of plywood was extremely sketchy" and that the technical advice was "elementary to say the least and completely useless for our purposes." Australian architecture critic Elizabeth Farrelly has referred to Ove Arup's project engineer Michael Lewis as having "other agendas".<ref name="smh.com.au"/> By February 1966, Utzon was owed more than $100,000 in fees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/high-noon-at-bennelong-point/2008/11/30/1227979845045.html?page=fullpage |title=High noon at Bennelong Point |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807212144/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/high-noon-at-bennelong-point/2008/11/30/1227979845045.html?page=fullpage |archive-date=7 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hughes then withheld funding so that Utzon could not even pay his own staff. The government minutes record that following several threats of resignation, Utzon finally stated to Davis Hughes: "If you don't do it, I resign." Hughes replied: "I accept your resignation. Thank you very much. Goodbye."<ref name=autogenerated6>page224</ref>
[[File:Sydney Opera House 2018-08-22 hires.jpg|thumb|The Opera House viewed from the south west]]
Utzon left the project on 28 February 1966. He said that Hughes's refusal to pay him any fees and the lack of collaboration caused his resignation and later described the situation as "Malice in Blunderland". In March 1966, Hughes offered him a subordinate role as "design architect" under a panel of executive architects, without any supervisory powers over the House's construction, but Utzon rejected this. Utzon left Australia, never to return.

Following the resignation, there was great controversy about who was in the right and who was in the wrong. ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' initially opined: "No architect in the world has enjoyed greater freedom than Mr Utzon. Few clients have been more patient or more generous than the people and the Government of NSW. One would not like history to record that this partnership was brought to an end by a fit of temper on the one side or by a fit of meanness on the other." On 17 March 1966, the ''Herald'' offered the view that:<ref name=autogenerated5>page 228</ref> "It was not his [Utzon's] fault that a succession of Governments and the Opera House Trust should so signally have failed to impose any control or order on the project ... his concept was so daring that he himself could solve its problems only step by step ... his insistence on perfection led him to alter his design as he went along."

[[File:Sydney Opera House (Front 2).jpg|thumb|The steps of the Opera House]]

The Sydney Opera House opened the way for the immensely complex geometries of some modern architecture. The design was one of the first examples of the use of [[computer-aided design]] to design complex shapes. The design techniques developed by Utzon and Arup for the Sydney Opera House have been further developed and are now used for architecture, such as works of [[Gehry]] and [[blobitecture]], as well as most reinforced concrete structures. The design is also one of the first in the world to use [[araldite]] to glue the precast structural elements together and proved the concept for future use.

It was also a first in mechanical engineering. Another Danish firm, [[Steensen Varming]], was responsible for designing the new air-conditioning plant, the largest in Australia at the time, supplying over {{convert|600000|cuft|m3}} of air per minute,<ref>Sunday Mail, 9 April 1972</ref> using the innovative idea of harnessing the harbour water to create a water-cooled [[heat pump]] system that is still in operation today.<ref>A. Building a masterpiece 2006</ref>

===Opening===
<span style="{{mirrorH}}">[[File:Opening Sydney Opera House SLNSW FL618590.jpg|thumb|<span style="{{mirrorH}}">Opening, Sydney Opera House, 1973</span>]]</span>
The Sydney Opera House was formally opened by [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], on 20 October 1973. A large crowd attended. The opening was televised and included fireworks and a performance of [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 9]].<ref>{{cite book | author1=Lewis, Wendy |author-link1=Wendy Lewis |author2=Balderstone, Simon |author3=Bowan, John |title=Events That Shaped Australia | pages=239–243 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref>

It is frequently erroneously claimed<ref name=myth>https://mhnsw.au/stories/general/the-myth-of-a-non-invitation-utzon/</ref> that Utzon was not invited to the opening and his name was not mentioned at the ceremony.<ref name=myth/> Utzon was in fact invited, but he declined in order to avoid the controversy over his dismissal overshadowing the event; and while the Queen's speech did not mention Utzon (or any other involved architect), Premier Askin did credit him.<ref name=myth/>

===Reconciliation with Utzon; building refurbishment===
In the late 1990s, the [[Sydney Opera House Trust]] resumed communication with Utzon in an attempt to effect a reconciliation and to secure his involvement in future changes to the building. In 1999, he was appointed by the trust as a design consultant for future work.<ref>{{cite web | author=Sydney Opera House Media Release | date=August 1999 | title=Utzon Appointment: 'Reunites The Man and his Masterpiece' | url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/sections/media_room/media_releases/press_release.asp?idPressRelease=15&sm=5&ss=19 | access-date=13 March 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118233459/https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/sections/media_room/media_releases/press_release.asp?idPressRelease=15&sm=5&ss=19 | archive-date=18 November 2006 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[File:AUS NSW Opera House DSC05119.jpg|thumb|left|The Utzon Room: rebuilt under Utzon in 2000 with his tapestry, ''Homage to Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach'']]
In 2004, the first interior space rebuilt to an Utzon design was opened and renamed "The Utzon Room" in his honour. It contains an original Utzon [[tapestry]] (14.00 x 3.70 metres) called ''[[Homage to Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chiefengineer.org |title=The Sydney Opera House |url=http://www.chiefengineer.org/content/content_display.cfm/seqnumber_content/1823.htm |access-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208055435/http://www.chiefengineer.org/content/content_display.cfm/seqnumber_content/1823.htm |archive-date=8 February 2007 }}</ref> In April 2007, he proposed a major reconstruction of the Opera Theatre, as it was then known.<ref>{{cite news | first=Matthew | last=Benns | title=Utzon wants to tear up floor of the Opera House | date=8 April 2007 | url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/arts/utzon-wants-to-tear-up-floor-of-the-opera-house/2007/04/07/1175366528643.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | access-date=12 April 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428162235/http://www.smh.com.au/news/arts/utzon-wants-to-tear-up-floor-of-the-opera-house/2007/04/07/1175366528643.html | archive-date=28 April 2007 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Utzon died on 29 November 2008, having never returned to Australia to see the completed Opera House.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2008/11/29/sydney-opera-house-designer-joern-utzon-dies-at-90/|title=Sydney Opera House designer Joern Utzon dies at 90|date=29 November 2008|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024153619/http://www.mercurynews.com/2008/11/29/sydney-opera-house-designer-joern-utzon-dies-at-90/|archive-date=24 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

A state memorial service, attended by Utzon's son Jan and daughter Lin, was held in the Concert Hall on 25 March 2009 featuring performances, readings and recollections from prominent figures in the Australian performing arts scene.

Refurbished Western Foyer and accessibility improvements were commissioned on 17 November 2009, the largest building project completed since Utzon was re-engaged in 1999. Designed by Utzon and his son [[Jan Utzon|Jan]], the project provided improved ticketing, toilet and cloaking facilities. New escalators and a public lift enabled enhanced access for the disabled and families with [[Baby transport|prams]]. The prominent [[Paralympic Games|paralympian]] athlete [[Louise Sauvage]] was announced as the building's "accessibility ambassador" to advise on further improvements to aid people with disabilities.<ref>[http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/uploadedFiles/accessplan.pdf Sydney Opera House: Access Strategic Plan, 2013–2015]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on official website</ref>

In 2013, a 60-metre long artwork by artist [[Reg Mombassa]] was unveiled at the Sydney Opera House. The Gumscape, Road and Creatures triptych was commissioned by the Sydney Opera House to cover the scaffolding concealing refurbishment building work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.noise11.com/news/reg-mombassa-artwork-covers-up-sydney-opera-house-construction-20131001|title=Reg Mombassa Artwork Covers Up Sydney Opera House Construction|website=noise11.com |date=October 2013 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>

On 29 March 2016, an original 1959 tapestry by [[Le Corbusier]] (2.18 x 3.55 metres), commissioned by Utzon to be hung in the Sydney Opera House and called ''[[Les Dés Sont Jetés]]'' (The Dice Are Cast), was finally unveiled ''in situ'' after being owned by the Utzon family and held at their home in Denmark for over 50 years. The tapestry was bought at auction by the Sydney Opera House in June 2015. It now hangs in the building's Western Foyer and is accessible to the public.<ref name=Guard16>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/mar/29/le-corbusier-tapestry-finally-finds-its-home-on-sydney-opera-house-wall|title=When Utzon met Le Corbusier: Sydney Opera House unveils 'eye-catching' tapestry|author=Steph Harmon|date=29 March 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=16 January 2022}}</ref>

In the second half of 2017, the Joan Sutherland Theatre was closed to replace the stage machinery and for other works.