Editing Susan Lindquist (section)

==Research==
Lindquist is best known for her research that provided strong evidence for a new paradigm in [[genetics]] based upon the [[Biological inheritance|inheritance]] of [[protein]]s with new, self-perpetuating shapes rather than new [[DNA sequence]]s. This research provided a [[biochemistry|biochemical]] framework for understanding devastating neurological illnesses such as [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[Huntington's disease|Huntington's]], and [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]]s.<ref name=":0"/> She was considered an expert in protein folding, which, as explained by Lindquist in the following excerpt, is an ancient, fundamental problem in biology:

<blockquote>What do "mad cows", people with [[neurodegenerative disease]]s, and an unusual type of inheritance in [[yeast]] have in common? They are all experiencing the consequences of misfolded proteins. ... In humans the consequences can be deadly, leading to such devastating illnesses as Alzheimer's Disease. In one case, the misfolded protein is not only deadly to the unfortunate individual in which it has appeared, but it can apparently be passed from one individual to another under special circumstances – producing infectious neurodegenerative diseases such as [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad-cow disease]] in [[cattle]] and Creutzfeldt–Jacob Disease in humans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010702050331/http://www4.nas.edu/opus/home.nsf/web/slindquist?OpenDocument "From Mad Cows to 'Psi-chotic' Yeast: A New Paradigm in Genetics"], ''NAS Distinguished Leaders in Science Lecture Series'', November 10, 1999.</ref></blockquote>

Lindquist worked on the PSI+ element in yeast (a [[prion]]) and how it can act as a switch that hides or reveals numerous [[mutation]]s throughout the [[genome]], thus acting as an [[evolutionary capacitor]]. She proposed that a [[heat shock protein]], [[hsp90]], may act in the same way, normally preventing [[phenotype|phenotypic]] consequences of genetic changes, but showing all changes at once when the HSP system is overloaded, either pharmacologically or under stressful environmental conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/people/susan_lindquist#research_summary|title=Susan Lindquist profile|website=[[MIT Biology]]|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143516/https://biology.mit.edu/people/susan_lindquist#research_summary|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Plos lindquist.jpg|thumb|Susan Lindquist]]

Most of these variations are likely to be harmful, but a few unusual combinations may produce valuable new traits, spurring the pace of evolution. Cancer cells too have an extraordinary ability to evolve. Lindquist's lab investigates closely related evolutionary mechanisms involved in the progression of cancerous tumors<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wi.mit.edu/news/archive/2014/master-heat-shock-factor-supports-reprogramming-normal-cells-enable-tumor-growth|title=Whitehead Institute – News – 2014 – Master heat-shock factor supports reprogramming of normal cells to enable tumor growth and metastasis|website=wi.mit.edu|date=July 31, 2014 |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> and in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant fungi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heitman|first=Joseph|date=September 30, 2005|title=A Fungal Achilles' Heel|journal=Science|volume=309|issue=5744|pages=2175–2176|doi=10.1126/science.1119321|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16195450|s2cid=27186932}}</ref>

Lindquist made advances in [[nanotechnology]], researching organic amyloid fibers capable of self-organizing into structures smaller than manufactured materials. Her group also developed a yeast "living test tube" model to study protein folding transitions in neurodegenerative diseases and to test therapeutic strategies through high-throughput screening.<ref name=":3"/>

===Publications===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{cite journal
|vauthors=Tardiff DF, Jui NT, Khurana V, Tambe MA, Thompson ML, Chung CY, Kamadurai HB, Kim HT, Lancaster AK, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Rochet JC, Buchwald SL, Lindquist S
|title=Yeast reveal a "druggable" Rsp5/Nedd4 network that ameliorates α-synuclein toxicity in neurons
|journal=Science
|volume=342
|issue=6161
|pages=979–83
|year=2013
|pmid=24158909
|pmc=3993916
|doi=10.1126/science.1245321
|bibcode=2013Sci...342..979T
}}
* {{cite journal
|vauthors=Chung CY, Khurana V, Auluck PK, Tardiff DF, Mazzulli JR, Soldner F, Baru V, Lou Y, Freyzon Y, Cho S, Mungenast AE, Muffat J, Mitalipova M, Pluth MD, Jui NT, Schüle B, Lippard SJ, Tsai LH, Krainc D, Buchwald SL, Jaenisch R, Lindquist S
|title=Identification and rescue of α-synuclein toxicity in Parkinson patient-derived neurons
|journal=Science
|volume=342
|issue=6161
|pages=983–7
|year=2013
|pmid=24158904
|pmc=4022187
|doi=10.1126/science.1245296
|bibcode=2013Sci...342..983C
}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Jarosz | first1 = D. F. | last2 = Lindquist | first2 = S. | doi = 10.1126/science.1195487 | title = Hsp90 and Environmental Stress Transform the Adaptive Value of Natural Genetic Variation | journal = Science | volume = 330 | issue = 6012 | pages = 1820–1824 | year = 2010 | pmid =  21205668| pmc = 3260023| bibcode = 2010Sci...330.1820J | url = http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/84954/1/Lindquist_Hsp90%20and%20environmental.pdf }}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Alberti | first1 = S.
| last2 = Halfmann | first2 = R.
| last3 = King | first3 = O.
| last4 = Kapila | first4 = A.
| last5 = Lindquist | first5 = S.
| title = A Systematic Survey Identifies Prions and Illuminates Sequence Features of Prionogenic Proteins
| doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.044
| journal = Cell
| volume = 137
| issue = 1
| pages = 146–158
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19345193
| pmc =2683788
}}.
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Gitler | first1 = A. D.
| last2 = Chesi | first2 = A.
| last3 = Geddie | first3 = M. L.
| last4 = Strathearn | first4 = K. E.
| last5 = Hamamichi | first5 = S.
| last6 = Hill | first6 = K. J.
| last7 = Caldwell | first7 = K. A.
| last8 = Caldwell | first8 = G. A.
| last9 = Cooper | first9 = A. A.
| last10 = Rochet
| doi = 10.1038/ng.300 | first10 = J. C.
| last11 = Lindquist | first11 = S.
| title = Α-Synuclein is part of a diverse and highly conserved interaction network that includes PARK9 and manganese toxicity
| journal = Nature Genetics
| volume = 41
| issue = 3
| pages = 308–315
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19182805
| pmc =2683786
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Dai | first1 = C.
| last2 = Whitesell | first2 = L.
| last3 = Rogers | first3 = A. B.
| last4 = Lindquist | first4 = S.
| title = Heat Shock Factor 1 is a Powerful Multifaceted Modifier of Carcinogenesis
| doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.020
| journal = Cell
| volume = 130
| issue = 6
| pages = 1005–1018
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17889646
| pmc =2586609
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Cooper | first1 = A. A.
| last2 = Gitler | first2 = A.
| last3 = Cashikar | first3 = A.
| last4 = Haynes | first4 = C.
| last5 = Hill | first5 = K.
| last6 = Bhullar | first6 = B.
| last7 = Liu | first7 = K.
| last8 = Xu | first8 = K.
| last9 = Strathearn | first9 = K.
| last10 = Liu | first10 = F.
| last11 = Cao | first11 = S.
| last12 = Caldwell | first12 = K. A.
| last13 = Caldwell | first13 = G. A.
| last14 = Marsischky | first14 = G.
| last15 = Kolodner | first15 = R. D.
| last16 = Labaer | first16 = J.
| last17 = Rochet | first17 = J. C.
| last18 = Bonini | first18 = N. M.
| last19 = Lindquist | first19 = S.
| title =  -Synuclein Blocks ER-Golgi Traffic and Rab1 Rescues Neuron Loss in Parkinson's Models
| doi = 10.1126/science.1129462
| journal = Science
| volume = 313
| issue = 5785
| pages = 324–328
| year = 2006
| pmid = 16794039
| pmc =1983366 | bibcode = 2006Sci...313..324C
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Cowen | first1 = L. E.
| last2 = Lindquist | first2 = S.
| title = Hsp90 Potentiates the Rapid Evolution of New Traits: Drug Resistance in Diverse Fungi
| doi = 10.1126/science.1118370
| journal = Science
| volume = 309
| issue = 5744
| pages = 2185–2189
| year = 2005
| pmid = 16195452
| bibcode = 2005Sci...309.2185C
| s2cid = 52847795
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Krishnan | first1 = R.
| last2 = Lindquist | first2 = S. L.
| doi = 10.1038/nature03679
| title = Structural insights into a yeast prion illuminate nucleation and strain diversity
| journal = Nature
| volume = 435
| issue = 7043
| pages = 765–772
| year = 2005
| pmid = 15944694
| pmc =1405905
| bibcode = 2005Natur.435..765K
}}
* {{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01020-1
| last1 = Si | first1 = K.
| last2 = Lindquist | first2 = S.
| last3 = Kandel | first3 = E.
| title = A neuronal isoform of the aplysia CPEB has prion-like properties
| journal = Cell
| volume = 115
| issue = 7
| pages = 879–891
| year = 2003
| pmid = 14697205
| s2cid = 3060439 | doi-access = free
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Queitsch | first1 = C.
| last2 = Sangster | first2 = T. A.
| last3 = Lindquist | first3 = S.
| doi = 10.1038/nature749
| title = Hsp90 as a capacitor of phenotypic variation
| journal = Nature
| volume = 417
| issue = 6889
| pages = 618–624
| year = 2002
| pmid = 12050657
| bibcode = 2002Natur.417..618Q
| s2cid = 4419085
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Serio | first1 = T.
| last2 = Cashikar | first2 = A.
| last3 = Kowal | first3 = A.
| last4 = Sawicki | first4 = G.
| last5 = Moslehi | first5 = J.
| last6 = Serpell | first6 = L.
| last7 = Arnsdorf | first7 = M.
| last8 = Lindquist | first8 = S.
| title = Nucleated conformational conversion and the replication of conformational information by a prion determinant
| journal = Science
| volume = 289
| issue = 5483
| pages = 1317–1321
| year = 2000
| pmid = 10958771 | doi=10.1126/science.289.5483.1317
| bibcode = 2000Sci...289.1317S
}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Patino | first1 = M. M. | last2 = Liu | first2 = J. -J. | last3 = Glover | first3 = J. R. | last4 = Lindquist | first4 = S. | title = Support for the Prion Hypothesis for Inheritance of a Phenotypic Trait in Yeast | doi = 10.1126/science.273.5275.622 | journal = Science | volume = 273 | issue = 5275 | pages = 622–626 | year = 1996 | pmid =  8662547| bibcode = 1996Sci...273..622P | s2cid = 9760894 | pmc = 1050929 }}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Lindquist | first1 = S.
| title = Regulation of protein synthesis during heat shock
| journal = Nature
| volume = 293
| issue = 5830
| pages = 311–314
| year = 1981
| pmid = 6792546
 | doi=10.1038/293311a0
| bibcode = 1981Natur.293..311L
| s2cid = 4263197
}}
{{div col end}}