Editing Surtsey (section)

====Eruption at the surface====
[[File:Surtsey eruption 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Surtsey's ash column rises over the newly forming island]]

At 07:15 [[Greenwich Mean Time|UTC]] on 14 November 1963, the cook of ''Ísleifur II'', a trawler sailing these same waters, spotted a rising column of dark smoke southwest of the boat. The captain thought it might have been a boat on fire, and ordered his crew to investigate. Instead, they encountered explosive eruptions giving off black columns of ash, indicating that a volcanic eruption had begun to breach the surface of the sea.<ref name="Decker"/> By 11:00 the same day, the [[eruption column]] had reached several kilometres in height. At first the eruptions took place at three separate vents along a northeast by southwest trending [[fissure vent|fissure]], but by the afternoon the separate eruption columns had merged into one along the erupting fissure. Over the next week, explosions were continuous, and after just a few days the new island, formed mainly of [[scoria]], measured over {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} in length and had reached a height of {{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Thorarinsson I">{{citation | first = Sigurður | last = Þórarinsson |author-link=Sigurður Þórarinsson | title = The Surtsey eruption: Course of events and the development of the new island. | journal = Surtsey Research Progress Report I | pages = 51–55 | year = 1965 | url = http://www.surtsey.is/pp_ens/report/report_I.htm | access-date =2008-07-08}}</ref>

As the eruptions continued, they became concentrated at one vent along the fissure and began to build the island into a more circular shape. By 24 November, the island measured about {{convert|900|by|650|m|ft}}. The violent explosions caused by the meeting of [[lava]] and sea water meant that the island consisted of a loose pile of volcanic rock ([[scoria]]), which was eroded rapidly by North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] storms during the winter. However, eruptions more than kept pace with wave erosion, and by February 1964, the island had a maximum diameter of over {{convert|1300|m|ft|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Decker" />

The explosive [[Phreatic eruption|phreatomagmatic]] eruptions caused by the easy access of water to the erupting vents threw rocks up to a kilometre (0.6&nbsp;mi) away from the island, and sent [[Volcanic ash|ash]] clouds as high as {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} up into the [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]]. The loose pile of unconsolidated [[tephra]] would quickly have been washed away had the supply of fresh magma dwindled, and large clouds of dust were often seen blowing away from the island during this stage of the eruption.<ref name="Decker" />

The new island was named after the fire ''[[jötunn]]'' [[Surtur]] from [[Norse mythology]] (''Surts'' is the [[genitive case]] of ''Surtur'', plus [[:wikt:ey|-ey]], ''island'') by the [[Icelandic Naming Committee]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Surtsey: the Newest Place on Earth |last1= Lasky|first1= Kathryn|last2=Knight | first2=Christopher |pages=22–23 | url=https://archive.org/details/surtseynewestpla0000lask_w0j7/page/22/mode/2up | publisher=Seymour Science | date=1996 | isbn=9781623342999}}</ref> Three French journalists representing the magazine ''[[Paris Match]]'' notably landed there on 6 December 1963, staying for about 15&nbsp;minutes before violent explosions encouraged them to leave. The journalists jokingly claimed French [[sovereignty]] over the island, but Iceland quickly asserted that the new island belonged to it.<ref>{{citation|last=Doutreleau|first=Vanessa|title=Surtsey, naissances d'une île|journal=Ethnologie Française|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|volume=XXXVII|issn=0046-2616|isbn=978-2-13-055455-4|pages=421–433|year=2006|url=http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=ETHN&ID_NUMPUBLIE=ETHN_063&ID_ARTICLE=ETHN_063_0421|access-date=2008-07-08|doi=10.3917/ethn.063.0421|issue=3|language=fr}}</ref>