Editing Supply and demand (section)

===Demand schedule===
A demand schedule, depicted graphically as a [[demand curve]], represents the amount of a certain [[goods (economics)|good]] that buyers are willing and able to purchase at various prices, assuming all other determinants of demand are held constant, such as income, tastes and preferences, and the prices of [[substitute good|substitute]] and [[complementary good]]s. Generally, consumers will buy an additional unit as long as the marginal value of the extra unit is more than the market price they pay. According to the [[law of demand]], the demand curve is always downward-sloping, meaning that as the price decreases, consumers will buy more of the good.

Mathematically, a demand curve is represented by a demand function, giving the quantity demanded as a function of its price and as many other variables as desired to better explain  quantity demanded. The two most common specifications are linear demand, e.g.,  the slanted line 
:<math> Q(P) = 32 - 2P </math>
and the constant-[[Elasticity (economics)|elasticity]] demand function (also called [[isoelastic function|isoelastic]] or log-log or loglinear demand function), e.g., the smooth curve
:<math> Q(P) =  3P^{-2} </math>
which can be rewritten as 
:<math> \log Q(P) =  \log 3 - 2 \log P   </math>

As a matter of historical convention, a demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical ''y''-axis and demand on the horizontal ''x''-axis. In keeping with modern convention, a demand curve would instead be drawn with price on the ''x''-axis and demand on the ''y''-axis, because price is the independent variable and demand is the variable that is dependent upon price.

Just as the supply curve parallels the [[marginal cost]] curve, the demand curve parallels [[marginal utility]], measured in dollars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marginal Utility and Demand|url=http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=marginal+utility+and+demand|access-date=2007-02-09}}</ref> Consumers will be willing to buy a given quantity of a good, at a given price, if the marginal utility of additional consumption is equal to the [[opportunity cost]] determined by the price, that is, the marginal utility of alternative consumption choices. The demand schedule is defined as the ''willingness'' and ''ability'' of a consumer to purchase a given product at a certain time.

The demand curve is generally downward-sloping, but for some goods it is upward-sloping. Two such types of goods have been given definitions and names that are in common use: [[Veblen good]]s, goods which because of fashion or [[signalling]]  are  more attractive at higher prices, and [[Giffen good]]s, which, by virtue of being [[inferior goods]] that absorb a large part of a consumer's income (e.g., [[Staple food|staples]] such as the classic example of potatoes in Ireland), may see an increase in quantity demanded when the price rises. The reason the law of demand is violated for Giffen goods is that the rise in the price of the good has a strong [[income effect]], sharply reducing the purchasing power of the consumer so that he switches away from luxury goods to the Giffen good, e.g., when the price of potatoes rises, the Irish peasant can no longer afford meat and eats more potatoes to cover for the lost calories.

As with the supply curve, the concept of a demand curve requires that the purchaser be a perfect competitor—that is, that the purchaser have no influence over the market price. This is true because each point on the demand curve answers the question, "If buyers are ''faced with'' this potential price, how much of the product will they purchase?" But, if a buyer has market power (that is, the amount he buys influences the price), he is not "faced with" any given price, and  we must use a more complicated model, of [[monopsony]].

As with supply curves, economists distinguish between the demand curve for an individual and the demand curve for a market.  The market demand curve is obtained by adding the  quantities from the individual demand curves at each price.

Common determinants of demand are:
# Income 
# Tastes and preferences 
# Prices of related goods and services 
# Consumers' expectations about future prices and incomes 
# Number of potential consumers 
# Advertising