Editing Sukhothai Kingdom (section)

===Early settlement===
[[File:Wat Sri Sawai - Day.jpg|250px|thumb|Wat Si Sawai at the Sukhothai Historical Park]]
According to the legend, the city of [[Sukhothai Historical Park|Sukhothai]] was founded in 494 followed by its twin city of Chaliang ({{lang|th|เชลียง}}) after Tai-speaking people migrated southward from the upper [[Mekong]] basin.<ref name=leg>{{cite web|url=https://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0231/mobile/index.html|language=th|title=พงศาวดารชาติไทย: ความเป็นมาของชาติแต่บยุคดึกดำบรรพ์|author=Maha Weerawong| publisher=Office of Academic Resources, [[Chulalongkorn University]]|archivedate=8 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160215/https://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0231/mobile/index.html|date=1953}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Later in 500 CE, after the establishment of the [[Lavo Kingdom]], a nobel from Lavo named Phalirat ({{langx|th|พาลีราช}}) became the first Sukhothai governor.<ref name=sawan>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/S4H8Ky4Mel8AMFJBT3K5rGUn0tIGKz3EBBBeMVWP.pdf|language=th|publisher=[[Fine Arts Department]]|accessdate=8 March 2024|archivedate=8 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308154450/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/S4H8Ky4Mel8AMFJBT3K5rGUn0tIGKz3EBBBeMVWP.pdf|title=ตำนวนเมืองสวรรคโลก}}</ref> The following rulers after Phalirat remain unclear.<ref name=leg/>{{rp|6,10}} 

It was expected that the city would be abandoned in the late 6th century due to the invasion of another [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]-speaking people from Umongasela ({{lang|th|อุโมงคเสลา}}) in the present-day [[Fang district|Fang]] and was then re-established in 957 by Aphai Kamini ({{lang|th|อภัยคามินี}}) who evacuated from [[Haripuñjaya]] after the capital Haripuñjaya was sacked by Umongasela.<ref name=leg/>{{rp|6, 10}} Sukhothai declared independence from Umongasela in 1017 during the reign of Arun Kuman ({{lang|th|อรุณกุมาร}}).<ref name=leg/>{{rp|13–14}} Controlling trade routes between [[Mon kingdoms|Mon city-states]] in the west and [[History of Thailand|Tai kingdoms]] in the north, as well as other polities in the lower [[Chao Phraya River]] basin, made Sukhothai emerge as the logistics hub in the region and evolved into a city-state no later than 1127,<ref name=thanit>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanitsorat.com/file/121065_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.pdf|title=สุโขทัยจากนครรัฐสู่การรวมชาติสยาม|trans-title=Sukhothai from city-state to the unification of Siam|author=Tanit Sorat|date=18 October 2022|accessdate=6 November 2024|language=th|archivedate=8 January 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.org/details/sukhothai-from-city-state-to-the-unification-of-siam}}</ref>{{rp|2–3}} which continued until the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.<ref name="Coedes"/>{{rp|195–196}}

In contrast, some historians suggest the migration of [[Tai peoples]] into [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] was somewhat gradual, and likely took place between the 8th and 10th centuries.<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2014. "[http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai]". In ''Research Findings in Southeast Asian Linguistics, a Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pranee Kullavanijaya''. ''Manusya'', Special Issue 20. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. pp. 47–64</ref> Prior to the rise of Sukhothai, various other Tai kingdoms existed in the neighboring northern highlands. These include [[Ngoenyang]] of the [[Northern Thai people]] (present-day [[Chiang Saen]]) and [[Chiang Hung]] of the [[Tai Lue people]] (present-day [[Jinghong]], [[China]]). According to semi-legendary Shan documents, the Mau Shan Prince, ''Sam Lung-pha'' of [[Mongkawng|Mogaung]], before he established the Tai kingdom of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] in [[Assam]] in 1229, raided the [[Chao Phraya River|Menam]] valley and the Malay peninsula as far as Tawi ([[Dawei]]) and Yansaleng ([[Phuket province|Junk Ceylon]]?). This purported influx of armed Tai may have had something to do with establishing the Tai kingdom of Sukhothai.<ref name=briggs>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049556|title=The Khmer Empire and the Malay Peninsula|date=1950|author=Lawrence Palmer Briggs|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies|The Far Eastern Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|volume=9|issue=3|doi=10.2307/2049556|pages=256–305|jstor=2049556 |archivedate=26 April 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.org/details/briggs1950|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|301}}

[[File:Ancient-Siamese-clothing-on-the-Wat-Si-Chum-stone-Sukhothai-era.jpg|thumb|250px|Ancient Thais (clothing and hair style) in the Sukhothai era found on the Wat Si Chum stone.]]