Editing Subspecies of Canis lupus (section)

===Eurasia and Australasia===
Sokolov and Rossolimo (1985) recognised nine Old World subspecies of wolf. These were ''[[Eurasian wolf|C. l. lupus]]'', ''[[Tundra wolf|C. l. albus]]'', ''[[Indian wolf|C. l. pallipes]]'', ''C. l. cubanenesis'', ''[[Steppe wolf|C. l. campestris]]'', ''[[Mongolian wolf|C. l. chanco]]'', ''C. l. desertorum'', ''[[Hokkaido wolf|C. l. hattai]]'', and ''[[Honshu wolf|C. l. hodophilax]]''.<ref name=nowak1995/> In his 1995 statistical analysis of skull [[Morphology (biology)|morphometrics]], mammalogist Robert Nowak recognized the first four of those subspecies, synonymized ''campestris'', ''chanco'' and ''desertorum'' with ''C. l. lupus'', but did not examine the two Japanese subspecies. In addition, he recognized ''C. l. communis'' as a subspecies distinct from ''C. l. lupus''.<ref name=nowak1995/> In 2003, Nowak also recognized the distinctiveness of ''[[Arabian wolf|C. l. {{not a typo|arabs}}]]'', ''[[Hokkaido wolf|C. l. hattai]]'', ''[[Italian wolf|C. l. italicus]]'', and ''[[Honshu wolf|C. l. hodophilax]]''.<ref name="m246">{{Harvnb|Nowak|2003|pp=245–246}}</ref> In 2005, ''MSW3'' included [[Himalayan wolf|''C. l. filchneri'']].<ref name=wozencraft2005/> In 2003, two forms were distinguished in southern China and [[Inner Mongolia]] as being separate from ''C. l. chanco'' and ''C. l. filchneri'' and have yet to be named.<ref name=smith2008/><ref name=wang2003/>
{{Clear}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Eurasian and [[Australasia]]n subspecies of ''Canis lupus''
|-
! scope="col" width=12%| Subspecies
! scope="col" width=12%| Image
! scope="col" width=12%| Authority
! scope="col" width=20%| Description
! scope="col" width=18%| Range
! scope="col" width=26%| Taxonomic synonyms
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. albus''<br />[[Tundra wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. albus mod.jpg|150 px]]
| Kerr, 1792<ref>{{ITIS|id=726809 |taxon=''Canis lupus albus'' Kerr, 1792}}</ref>
| A large, light-furred subspecies.<ref name="heptner1998albus">Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) [https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov211998gept#page/182/mode/2up ''Mammals of the Soviet Union'' Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)], Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 182-184, {{ISBN|1-886106-81-9}}</ref>
| Northern [[tundra]] and [[forest]] zones in the European and Asian parts of [[Russia]] and [[Kamchatka]]. Outside Russia, its range includes the extreme north of [[Scandinavia]].<ref name="heptner1998albus"/>
| <small>''dybowskii'' Domaniewski, 1926, ''kamtschaticus'' Dybowski, 1922, ''turuchanensis'' Ognev, 1923</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000740 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. arabs''<br />[[Arabian wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. arabs mod.jpg|120 px]]
| Pocock, 1934<ref>{{ITIS|id=726811 |taxon=''Canis lupus arabs'' Pocock, 1934}}</ref>
| A small, "desert-adapted" subspecies that is around 66&nbsp;cm tall and weighs, on average, about 18&nbsp;kg.<ref name="Lopez">{{cite book | author = Lopez, Barry | title = Of wolves and men | year = 1978 | isbn = 978-0-7432-4936-2 | publisher = Scribner Classics | location = New York | page = 320}}</ref> Its fur coat varies from short in the summer to long in the winter, possibly because of solar radiation.<ref name="Paquet">{{cite book | author = Fred H. Harrington | author2 = Paul C. Paquet | author2-link = Paul C. Paquet | title = Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | year = 1982 | isbn = 978-0-8155-0905-9 | page = 474| publisher = Elsevier Science }}</ref>
| Southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], southern [[Israel]], southern and western [[Iraq]], [[Oman]], [[Yemen]], [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Egypt]] ([[Sinai Peninsula]]).
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. campestris''<br />[[Steppe wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. campestris mod.jpg|130 px]]
| Dwigubski, 1804
| An average-sized subspecies with short, coarse and sparse fur.<ref name="heptner1998campestris">Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) [https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov211998gept#page/188/mode/2up ''Mammals of the Soviet Union'' Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)], Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 188-89, {{ISBN|1-886106-81-9}}</ref>
| Northern [[Ukraine]], southern [[Kazakhstan]], the [[Caucasus]] and the Trans-Caucasus<ref name="heptner1998campestris"/>
| <small>''bactrianus'' Laptev, 1929, ''cubanenesis'' Ognev, 1923, ''desertorum'' [[Modest Bogdanov|Bogdanov]], 1882</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000747 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. chanco''<br />[[Himalayan wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III).jpg|130 px]]
| [[Paul Matschie|Matschie]], 1907<ref name="matschie1907" /> 
| Long sharp face, elevated brows, broad head, large pointed ears, thick woolly pelage and very full brush of medial length. Above, dull earthy-brown; below, with the entire face and limbs yellowish-white.<ref name="hodgson1847" />
|The [[Himalayas]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] predominating above 4,000 metres in elevation<ref name="Werhahn2020" />
| <small>''laniger'' [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847</small> 
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. chanco''<br />[[Mongolian wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. chanco mod.jpg|130 px]]
| [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1863<ref name=gray1863/>
| The fur is [[fulvous]], on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black and gray hairs; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs pure white; head pale gray-brown; forehead grizzled with short black and gray hairs.<ref name=gray1863/>
| [[Mongolia]],<ref name=mivart1890/> northern and central [[China]],<ref name=smith2008/><ref name=wang2003/> [[Korea]],<ref name=abe1923/> and the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri River region]] of Russia<ref name=heptner1998/>
| <small>''coreanus'' Abe, 1923, ''dorogostaiskii'' Skalon, 1936, ''karanorensis'' Matschie, 1907, ''niger'' [[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1874, ''tschiliensis'' Matschie, 1907</small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Canis lupus dingo|''C. l. dingo'']]<br />[[Dingo]] and [[New Guinea singing dog]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVII).jpg|140 px]]
| Meyer, 1793
| Generally 52–60&nbsp;cm tall at the shoulders and measures 117 to 124&nbsp;cm from nose to tail tip. The average weight is 13 to 20&nbsp;kg.<ref name="27kg">{{cite web|author=Ben Allen |url=http://www.invasiveanimals.com/downloads/Final-proceedings-with-cover.pdf |title=Home Range, Activity Patterns, and Habitat use of Urban Dingoes |website=14th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference |publisher=Invasive Animals CRC |year=2008 |access-date=2009-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424014424/http://www.invasiveanimals.com/downloads/Final-proceedings-with-cover.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2009 }}</ref> Fur color is mostly sandy- to reddish-brown, but can include tan patterns and can also be occasionally light brown, black or white.<ref name="impact">{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=Peter|author2=Laurie Corbett |author3=Robert Harden |author4=Peter Thomson |title=Managing the Impacts of Dingoes and Other Wild Dogs|publisher=Bureau of Rural Sciences|location=Commonwealth of Australia|year=2001}}</ref>
| [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] and [[New Guinea]] 
| <small>''[[Dingo (taxon)#"antarticus", .5Bsuppressed.5D|antarticus]]'' Kerr, 1792 [suppressed ICZN O451:1957], ''australasiae'' Desmarest, 1820, ''australiae'' Gray, 1826, ''dingoides'' Matschie, 1915, ''macdonnellensis'' Matschie, 1915, ''novaehollandiae'' Voigt, 1831, ''[[Dingo (taxon)#Canis papuensis, Papua New Guinea|papuensis]]'' Ramsay, 1879, ''[[Dingo (taxon)#"tenggerana", Java|tenggerana]]'' Kohlbrugge, 1896, ''[[New Guinea singing dog|hallstromi]]'' Troughton, 1957, ''[[Dingo (taxon)#"harappensis", ancient dog found in South Asia|harappensis]]'' Prashad, 1936</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000751 }}</ref>

<small>Sometimes included within ''Canis familiaris'' when the domestic dog is recognised as a species.</small><ref name = "ASMdog">{{BioRef|asm|id=1005940|title=''Canis familiaris'' |version=1.5 |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. familiaris''<br />[[Dog|Domestic dog]]<br /><small>but refer Synonyms</small>
|[[File:Yakutian laika (white background).jpg|120 px]]
| Linnaeus, 1758
|The domestic dog is a divergent subspecies of the gray wolf and was derived from an extinct population of Late Pleistocene wolves.<ref name=fan2016/><ref name=freedman2014/><ref name=thalmann2013/> Through [[Evolutionary pressure|selective pressure]] and [[selective breeding]], the domestic dog has developed into hundreds of varied [[List of dog breeds|breeds]] and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.<ref name="spady">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spady TC, Ostrander EA |title=Canine Behavioral Genetics: Pointing Out the Phenotypes and Herding up the Genes |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=#1 |pages=10–8 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18179880 |pmc=2253978 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.001}}</ref>
| Worldwide in association with humans
| <small>Increasingly proposed as the species ''Canis familiaris'' but debated<ref>{{Cite book|title=The domestic dog : its evolution, behavior and interactions with people|others=Serpell, James, 1952-, Barrett, Priscilla|isbn=9781107024144|edition= Second|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=8|oclc=957339355|last1=Serpell|first1=James|date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref name="ASMdog"/></small>


{{smalldiv|1=
''aegyptius'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''alco'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''americanus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''anglicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''antarcticus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''aprinus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''aquaticus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''aquatilis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''avicularis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''borealis'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''brevipilis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''cursorius'' Gmelin, 1792,
''domesticus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''extrarius'' Gmelin, 1792,
''ferus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''fricator'' Gmelin, 1792,
''fricatrix'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''fuillus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''gallicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''glaucus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''graius'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''grajus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''hagenbecki'' Krumbiegel, 1950,
''haitensis'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''hibernicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''hirsutus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''hybridus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''islandicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''italicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''laniarius'' Gmelin, 1792,
''leoninus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''leporarius'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''major'' Gmelin, 1792,
''mastinus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''melitacus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''melitaeus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''minor'' Gmelin, 1792,
''molossus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''mustelinus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''obesus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''orientalis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''pacificus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''plancus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''pomeranus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''sagaces'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''sanguinarius'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''sagax'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''scoticus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''sibiricus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''suillus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''terraenovae'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''terrarius'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''turcicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''urcani'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''variegatus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''venaticus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''vertegus'' Gmelin, 1792<ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000752 }}</ref>
}}

|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. italicus''<br />[[Italian wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. italicus mod.jpg|150 px]]
| Altobello, 1921
| The pelt is generally of a grey-fulvous colour, which reddens in summer. The belly and cheeks are more lightly coloured, and dark bands are present on the back and tail tip, and occasionally along the fore limbs.
| Native to the [[Italian Peninsula]]; recently expanded into [[Switzerland]] and southeastern [[France]].
| <small>''lupus'' Linnaeus, 1758</small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. lupus''<br />[[Eurasian wolf]]<br />([[Subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate subspecies]])
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg|150 px]]
| Linnaeus, 1758<ref>{{ITIS|id=180598 |taxon=''Canis lupus lupus'' Linnaeus, 1758}}</ref>
| Generally a large subspecies with rusty ocherous or light gray fur.<ref name="heptner1998lupus">Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) [https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov211998gept#page/184/mode/2up ''Mammals of the Soviet Union'' Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)], Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 184-87, {{ISBN|1-886106-81-9}}</ref>
| Has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common subspecies in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], ranging through [[Western Europe]], [[Scandinavia]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Russia]], [[China]], and [[Mongolia]]. Its habitat overlaps with the [[Indian wolf]] in some regions of [[Turkey]].
| <small>''altaicus'' Noack, 1911, ''argunensis'' Dybowski, 1922, ''canus'' [[Edmond de Sélys Longchamps|Sélys Longchamps]], 1839, ''[[Russian wolf|communis]]'' Dwigubski, 1804, ''deitanus'' Cabrera, 1907, ''desertorum'' Bogdanov, 1882, ''flavus'' Kerr, 1792, ''fulvus'' [[Edmond de Sélys Longchamps|Sélys Longchamps]], 1839, ''kurjak'' Bolkay, 1925, ''lycaon'' Trouessart, 1910, ''major'' Ogérien, 1863, ''[[Austro-Hungarian wolf|minor]]'' Ogerien, 1863, ''niger'' Hermann, 1804, ''orientalis'' Wagner, 1841, ''orientalis'' Dybowski, 1922</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000739 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |  ''C. l. pallipes''<br />[[Indian wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV).jpg|130 px]]
| Sykes, 1831
| A small subspecies with pelage shorter than that of northern wolves and with little to no underfur.<ref name="india">{{cite web| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19550/19550-h/19550-h.htm#245| title = ''NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON'' by Robert A. Sterndale, THACKER, SPINK, AND CO. BOMBAY: THACKER AND CO., LIMITED. LONDON: W. THACKER AND CO. 1884.}}</ref> Fur color ranges from grayish-red to reddish-white with black tips. The dark V-shaped stripe over the shoulders is much more pronounced than in northern wolves. The underparts and legs are more or less white.<ref name="canid">''A monograph of the canidae'' by St. George Mivart, F.R.S, published by Alere Flammam. 1890</ref>
|[[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Saudi Arabia]], northern [[Israel]], and northern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=REICHMANN |first1=ALON |last2=SALTZ |first2=DAVID |date=2005-01-01 |title=The Golan Wolves: The Dynamics, Behavioral Ecology, and Management of an Endangered Pest |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1560/1BLK-B1RT-XB11-BWJH |journal=Israel Journal of Zoology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=87–133 |doi=10.1560/1BLK-B1RT-XB11-BWJH |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=0021-2210}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. signatus''<br />[[Iberian wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. ibericus mod.jpg|130 px]]
| Cabrera, 1907
| A subspecies with slighter frame than ''C. l. lupus'', white marks on the upper lips, dark marks on the tail, and a pair of dark marks on its front legs.
| Northwest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], which includes northwestern [[Spain]] and northern [[Portugal]]
| <small>''lupus'' Linnaeus, 1758</small>
|-
|}