Editing Submarine (section)

===Early human-powered submersibles===
[[File:Van Drebbel.jpg|thumb|An early submersible craft, built by [[Cornelis Drebbel]], propelled by oars]]

====16th and 17th centuries====
According to a report in ''Opusculum [[Jean Taisnier|Taisnieri]]'' published in 1562:<ref>Joann Taisnier Hannon ([[Jean Taisnier]] (1508–1562)), ''Opusculum perpetua memoria dignissimum, de natura magnetis et eius effectibus'' [Most fitting work in perpetual remembrance, on the nature of the magnet and its effects] (Köln (Cologne, "Colonia"), (Germany): Johann Birckmann, 1562), pp. 43–45.  Available from: [https://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00022856&pimage=49&v=100&nav=&l=en Bavarian State Library] From p. 43: ''"Ne autem Lector nostra dicta videatur refutare, arbitratus ea, quae miracula putat, naturae limites excedere, unica demonstratione elucidabo, quomodo scilicet quis in fundum alicuius aquae aut fluvij, sicco corpore intrare possit, quod me vidisse in celebri Oppido & Regno Tolleti affirmavi, coram piae memoriae Carolo Quinto Imperatore, & infinitis aliis spectatoribus."'' (Nevertheless, reader, our statement is seen to refute something witnessed, which one considers a wonder, exceeding the limits of nature; I will elucidate a unique demonstration, namely, how one can penetrate to the bottom of any water or river while remaining dry, which, I assert, I saw in the celebrated city and kingdom of Toledo in the presence of Emperor Charles V of blessed memory and a multitude of other spectators.) From p. 44: ''"Nunc venio ad experientiam praedictam, Tolleti demonstratam a duobus Graecis, qui Cacabo magnae amplitudinis accepto, orificio inverso, funibus in aere pendente, tabem & asseres in medio concavi Cacabi affigunt, ... "'' (Now I come to the experiment mentioned above: in Toledo, it was shown by two Greeks, who, I understand, attached to a cauldron (''cacabus'') of great size — [which had its] opening inverted [and which was] held in the air by ropes — a beam and poles inside of the hollow cauldron ... [The beam and poles formed seats for the divers.]) The German Jesuit scientist [[Gaspar Schott]] (1608–1666) quoted Taisnier's account and mentioned that Taisnier had witnessed the demonstration in 1538.  Gaspar Schott, ''Technica Curiosa, sive Mirabilia Artis, Libris XII. ... '' [Curious works of skill, or marvelous works of craftsmanship, in 12 books ... ] (Nuremberg (Norimberga), (Germany): Johannes Andreas Endter & Wolfgang Endter, 1664), ''Liber VI: Mirabilium Mechanicorum'' (Book 6: Wonders of mechanics), [https://books.google.com/books?id=dhRTAAAAcAAJ&q=icon&pg=PA393 p. 393.] From p. 393: ''" ... quod nihilominus Anno 1538 in Hispaniae oppido Toleto &c. coram piae memoriae Carolo V. Imperatore, cum decem propemodum millibus hominum experientia vidi."'' ( ... that nevertheless I saw the experiment in the year 1538 in Spain in the city of Toledo, etc., in the presence of Emperor Charles V of blessed memory, with almost ten thousand people.)</ref>
{{blockquote|Two Greeks submerged and surfaced in the river [[Tagus]] near the City of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] several times in the presence of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]], without getting wet and with the flame they carried in their hands still alight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1980/03/07/089.html|title=Espańa, Precursora de la Navegación Submarina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721145006/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1980/03/07/089.html|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=live|date=March 7, 1980|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]}}</ref>}}

In 1578, the English mathematician [[William Bourne (mathematician)|William Bourne]] recorded in his book ''Inventions or Devises'' one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle.<ref>Delgado (2011), p. 13.</ref> A few years later the Scottish mathematician and theologian [[John Napier]] wrote in his ''Secret Inventions'' (1596) that "These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform." It is unclear whether he carried out his idea.<ref name = Tiere/>

[[Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont]] (1553–1613) created detailed designs for two types of air-renovated submersible vehicles. They were equipped with oars, autonomous floating snorkels worked by inner pumps, portholes and gloves used for the crew to manipulate underwater objects. Ayanaz planned to use them for warfare, using them to approach enemy ships undetected and set up timed gunpowder charges on their hulls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xataka.com/historia-tecnologica/jeronimo-ayanz-da-vinci-olvidado-que-diseno-submarino-sistemas-aire-acondicionado-espana-austrias|title=Jerónimo de Ayanz, el Da Vinci olvidado que diseñó un submarino y sistemas de aire acondicionado en la España de los Austrias|date=September 26, 2021|access-date=October 17, 2022|publisher=Xataka|language=Spanish}}</ref>

The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by [[Cornelis Drebbel]], a Dutchman in the service of [[James VI and I|James I of England]]. It was propelled by means of oars.<ref name = Tiere>{{Citation|last=Tierie|first=Gerrit|title=Cornelis Drebbel (1572–1633)|type=Thesis|publisher=Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden|place=Amsterdam|pages=92|date=10 June 1932|language=en|url=http://www.drebbel.net/Tierie.pdf}}</ref>

====18th century====
By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England. In 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft. A mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the [[Gentlemen's Magazine]] reported that a similar design had initially been proposed by [[Giovanni Borelli]] in 1680. Further design improvement stagnated for over a century, until application of new technologies for propulsion and stability.<ref name="vector">{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Submarines.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709102159/http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Submarines.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 9, 2012|title=The Invention Of The Submarine|author=Mary Bellis|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

The first military submersible was {{ship||Turtle|submersible|2}} (1775), a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American [[David Bushnell (inventor)|David Bushnell]] to accommodate a single person.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Submarine Turtle: Naval Documents of the Revolutionary War |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/sub_turtle.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024301/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/sub_turtle.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2008 |publisher=Navy Department Library |access-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref> It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use [[Propeller|screws]] for propulsion.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030415051537/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/bushnelld.html Inventor of the Week: Archive]. mit.edu</ref>

====19th century====
[[File:Fulton's submarine design.jpg|alt=Illustration by Robert Fulton showing a "plunging boat"|thumb|1806 illustration by Robert Fulton showing a "plunging boat"]]

In 1800, France built {{ship||Nautilus|1800 submarine|2}}, a human-powered submarine designed by American [[Robert Fulton]]. They gave up on the experiment in 1804, as did the British, when they reconsidered Fulton's submarine design.

In 1850, [[Wilhelm Bauer]]'s {{ship||Brandtaucher}} was built in Germany. It remains the oldest known surviving submarine in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last=Delgado |first=James P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ue6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|title=Silent Killers: Submarines and Underwater Warfare|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|date=2011|page=224|isbn=9781849088602}}</ref>

In 1864, late in the [[American Civil War]], the [[Confederate navy]]'s {{ship||H. L. Hunley|submarine|2}} became the first military submarine to sink an enemy vessel, the Union [[sloop-of-war]] {{USS|Housatonic|1861|6}}, using a gun-powder-filled keg on a spar as a torpedo charge. The ''Hunley'' also sank. The explosion's shock waves may have killed its crew instantly, preventing them from pumping the bilge or propelling the submarine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lance |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Lance |title=The New Explosive Theory About What Doomed the Crew of the 'Hunley' |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-explosive-theory-what-doomed-crew-hunley-180974159/ |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

In 1866, {{ship||Sub Marine Explorer}} was the first submarine to successfully dive, cruise underwater, and resurface under the crew's control. The design by German American [[Julius H. Kroehl]] (in German, ''Kröhl'') incorporated elements that are still used in modern submarines.<ref>{{cite journal|author=James P. Delgado|title=Archaeological Reconnaissance of the 1865 American-Built Sub Marine Explorer at Isla San Telmo, Archipielago de las Perlas, Panama|journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology Journal|volume=35|issue=2|pages=230–252|year=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00100.x|bibcode=2006IJNAr..35..230D |s2cid=162403756|author-link=James P. Delgado|issn = 1057-2414}}</ref>

In 1866, {{ship||Flach|submarine|2}} was built at the Chilean government's request by [[Karl Flach]], a German engineer and immigrant. It was the fifth submarine built in the world<ref>{{cite news |title=Recovering Chile's 19th Century Shipwrecks in Valparaiso's Port |date=25 November 2006 |url=http://www.tcgnews.com/santiagotimes/index.php?nav=story&story_id=12293&topic_id=1 |work=The Santiago Times |access-date=17 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124142651/http://www.tcgnews.com/santiagotimes/index.php?nav=story&story_id=12293&topic_id=1 |archive-date=24 January 2008 }}</ref> and, along with a second submarine, was intended to defend the port of [[Valparaiso]] against attack by the [[Spanish Navy]] during the [[Chincha Islands War]].