Editing Style (form of address) (section)

===Government===

====Diplomats====

*His [[Most Reverend]] Excellency (abbreviation ''His Most Rev. Ex.'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – [[Nuncio|apostolic nuncio]]s, because their rank is equal to that of an [[ambassador]] extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and they are simultaneously higher [[prelate]]s.
*His/Her [[Excellency]] (abbreviation ''HE'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – most [[ambassador]]s, [[high commissioner]]s and [[permanent representative]]s to international organizations. Occasionally a different form of address is used domestically with the international equivalent of ''Excellency'' being used in all other cases.

====Judiciaries====

*[[His Honour|His/Her Honour]] Judge X 
**Abbreviation ''HHJ X'', oral address ''Your Honour'' – Circuit judges in [[England and Wales]].
**[[The Honourable]] Mr./Ms. Justice X (abbreviation ''X J'', referential ''His Lordship/Her Ladyship''; oral address ''My Lord/Lady'' or ''Your Lordship/Your Ladyship'') – Judges of the [[High Court of Justice]] of England and Wales. 
**My Lord/Your Lordship is used to address judiciary representatives in [[India]].
** The Honorable (abbreviation ''The Hon.'', oral address ''Your Honor'') – Judges and justices in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samir |first=Mohamed |date=November 12, 2022 |title=10 Rules of Appearing in Court |url=https://baderscott.com/blog/how-to-address-a-judge-in-court-10-rules-of-etiquette/ |access-date=March 16, 2024 |website=badott.com |language=en}}</ref>
** Oral address ''Your Honour'' – All courts in [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2009 |title=No. 4 of 2005 – Form of Address |url=http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/practice_directions/2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310235549/http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/practice_directions/2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address |archive-date=10 March 2011 |access-date=4 January 2011 |work=Practice Directions |publisher=Magistrates Court of Tasmania}}</ref>
** [[The Right Honourable]] Lord/Lady Justice X (abbreviation ''X LJ'') – Judges of the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales]].
* Oral address ''Your Excellency'' – Judges of the [[International Court of Justice]].
* Oral address ''Your Worship'' – All courts in [[Australia]] (obsolete).
* The Lord/Lady/Baroness<ref>See [[Substantive title]]</ref> X (abbreviated to ''Lord/Lady/Baroness X'', referred to as ''His Lordship/Her Ladyship'', addressed orally as ''My Lord/My Lady'') – Judges in the [[High Court of Justiciary]] and the [[Court of Session]] in Scotland, and the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]].
* Oral address ''[[Worship (style)|Your Worship]]'' – [[Justice of the peace|Justices of the peace]] (magistrates) in the [[United Kingdom]], usually by solicitors.

====Monarchies====
{{Monarchism}}
*[[Sire]] (oral address first ''[[Majesty|Your Majesty]]'' and then ''Sire''; for a queen first ''Your Majesty'' and then ''[[Madam|Ma'am]]'') – Reigning [[king]]s in the [[United Kingdom]] and in [[Belgium]]. It has also been used in [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Sweden]] and [[Spain]].
*His/Her [[Imperial Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HIM'', oral address ''Your Imperial Majesty'') – Emperors and empresses. Formerly, for example, HIM the Shah of Iran. In modern times, the [[Emperor of Japan]] more often uses the simpler style of "Majesty".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 12, 1990 |title=His Majesty Emperor Hirihito of Japan, K. G., 29 April 1901 - 7 January 1989 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |language=en |volume=36 |pages=241–272 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 |issn=0080-4606 |via=royalsocietypublishing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colegrove |first=Kenneth |date=August 8, 1932 |title=The Japanese Emperor |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400022383/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=642–659 |doi=10.2307/1946532 |jstor=1946532 |issn=0003-0554 }}</ref>
*His/Her [[Imperial and Royal Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HI&RM'', oral address ''Your Imperial and Royal Majesty'') – Until 1918, the rulers of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]], who were Emperors/Empresses of Austria while also Kings/Queens of Hungary, and the German emperors/empresses, who were simultaneously [[Kingdom of Prussia|Kings/Queens of Prussia]].
*His/Her [[Apostolic Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HAM'', oral address ''Your Apostolic Majesty'') – the [[King of Hungary]], usually styled Imperial Majesty or Imperial and Royal Majesty as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, also sometimes Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty.
*His/Her [[Britannic Majesty]] – the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] (not usual); used as a formal and official term in [[diplomacy]], [[international law]], and [[international relations]], e.g. in [[British passport]]s. 
* His/Her [[Most Gracious Majesty]] – an elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, only used in the most formal of occasions.
* His/Her [[Most Excellent Majesty]] – another elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, mainly used in [[Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union|Acts of Parliament]].
* His/Her [[Rex Catholicissimus|Catholic Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HCM'', oral address ''Your Catholic Majesty'') – the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish monarch]] (not usual).
*His [[Style of the French sovereign|Most Christian Majesty]] – the [[King of France]] until 1790 and from 1815 to 1830.
*His/Her [[Most Faithful Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HFM'', oral address ''Your Faithful Majesty'') – the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] until deposed in 1910.
*His/Her [[Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HM'', oral address ''Your Majesty'') – kings, queens and some sultans. For example, HM King [[Charles III]], HM King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] or HM King [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]].
*His/Her [[Imperial Highness]] (abbreviation ''HIH'', oral address ''Your Imperial Highness'') – members of an imperial house. Currently used by the [[Imperial House of Japan]].
*His/Her [[Imperial and Royal Highness]] (abbreviation ''HI&RH'', oral address ''Your Imperial and Royal Highness'') – formerly, [[archduke]]s of the [[House of Habsburg]], the German crown prince/princess and (post-monarchy) members of the deposed [[Brazilian imperial family|Brazilian Imperial Family]]; also some women entitled to imperial style by birth and to royal style by marriage (e.g., [[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]], Duchess of Edinburgh).
*His/Her [[Royal Highness]] (abbreviation ''HRH'', oral address ''Your Royal Highness'') – some monarchs, members of a [[royal family]] (other than monarchs, [[queen consort|queens consort]] and [[queen dowager|queens dowager]]); [[grand duke]]s/duchesses who have [[reign]]ed (but not those grand dukes who were [[cadet (genealogy)|cadet]]s of the former Russian Imperial Family), consorts of grand dukes, grand ducal [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] and, in Luxembourg, all dynastic male-line cadets; [[British prince]]s, their [[dynasty|dynastic]] wives (including the prince consort of queens [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] and [[Elizabeth II]]), sons, daughters, [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]] grandsons and granddaughters of [[Ibn Saud]] of the [[House of Saud]].
*[[Grace (style)|His/Her Grace]] (oral address ''Your Grace'') is a style used for various high-ranking personages. It was the style used to address [[List of English monarchs|Kings of England]] until King [[Henry VIII]]<ref name="Pollard2007">{{cite book|author=A.F. Pollard|title=HENRY VIII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9JnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244|date=5 January 2007|publisher=Chehab Pubber|page=244|id=GGKEY:HQGF65AUEWU}}</ref> and the [[List of Scottish monarchs|King or Queen of Scots]] up to the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union of 1707]], which united the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] and the [[Kingdom of England]]. Today, the style is used when referring to non-royal dukes and duchesses, and archbishops, in the United Kingdom. For example, His Grace The [[Duke of Devonshire]] in the United Kingdom, or His Grace The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]; or ''Your Grace'' in spoken or written address. [[Duke#Royal dukes|Royal dukes]], for example the [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]], are addressed with their higher royal style, ''[[Royal Highness]]''.
*His/Her [[Grand Ducal Highness]] (abbreviation ''HGDH'', oral address ''Your Grand Ducal Highness'') – cadets of some former ruling grand ducal dynasties ([[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse and by Rhine]] and [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]).
*His/Her [[Highness]] (abbreviation ''HH'', oral address, ''Your Highness'') – some monarchs, i.e., [[emir]]s, some [[sultan]]s, the [[Aga Khan]]; formerly reigning dukes, some [[maharaja]]s and [[raja]]s and the members of their dynasties; cadets of most former grand ducal houses; male-line grandchildren and remoter male-line descendants of some kingly dynasties (i.e., Denmark and formerly Brazil, Italy, Japan, UK, Yugoslavia); Belgium's [[House of Ligne]]; members of France's former [[Prince étranger|Foreign Princely]] class, members of [[cadet branch]]es of the [[House of Saud]].
*His/Her [[Ducal Serene Highness]] (abbreviation ''HDSH'', oral address, ''Your Ducal Serene Highness'') – members of the formerly reigning ducal [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].
*His/Her [[Serene Highness]] (abbreviation ''HSH'', oral address ''Your Serene Highness'') – German: {{lang|de|Seine/Ihre Durchlaucht}}; Italian: {{lang|it|Sua Altezza Serenissima}}; Russian: {{lang|ru|Ваша светлость}}. Sovereigns of a [[principality]] (i.e., Liechtenstein, Monaco); members of formerly reigning princely families (Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, Waldeck and Pyrmont and Schwarzburg); members of [[German mediatisation|mediatized]] families headed by a {{lang|de|[[Fürst]]}} ("prince"); members of several formerly noble, princely families of Austria, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland; [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]] princes, descended from reigning dynasties; and a few formerly noble families granted the princely title in Imperial Russia (the style is more literally translated "His/Her Serenity").
*His [[Serene Highness|Most Serene Highness]] (abbreviation ''HMSH'', oral address, ''Your Most Serene Highness'') – [[Prince-elector]]s of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
*His/Her [[Illustrious Highness]] (abbreviation ''HIllH'', oral address ''Your Illustrious Highness'', German: {{lang|de|Seine/Ihre Erlaucht}}); Italian: {{lang|it|Sua Altezza Illustrissima}}; Spanish: {{lang|es|Su Ilustrísima}}; Russian: {{lang|ru|Ваше сиятельство}}. Mediatized [[count]]s and, sometimes, members of their families.
*His/Her Princely Grace ({{lang|de|Fürstliche Gnaden}}) - former style for members of a few noble families of monarchical Germany.
*The High-born ({{lang|de|[[Hochgeboren]]}}) – counts in some Scandinavian and Benelux monarchies and, formerly, Germany and Austria.
*The High Well-born ({{lang|de|[[Hochwohlgeboren]]}}) – Dutch barons; knights and untitled members of the lower nobility in German-speaking monarchies.
*His/Her [[Excellency]] (abbreviation ''HE'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – [[governors-general]], British colonial governors, state officials, and generals of Imperial Russia. Occasionally, [[prime minister]]s and cabinet ministers. For example, the [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]; in Denmark, a few high-ranked nobles (e.g., [[Danneskiold-Samsøe|Counts af Danneskiold-Samsø]], [[Count of Rosenborg|Counts of Rosenborg]], ''[[Lensgreve (Danish title)|Lensgrever]]'', knights of the [[Order of the Elephant#Use|Order of the Elephant]]).
*''Don'' ({{IPA|es|don|lang}}, {{IPA|it|dɔn|lang}}, {{langx|pt|'''Dom'''|links=no}} {{IPA|pt|dõ|}}) from Latin [[Dominus (title)|''dominus'']] (literally, "Lord"), is an [[honorific]] title used in Spain, Portugal, Italy, [[Iberoamerica]] and the Philippines. The female equivalent is '''''doña''''' ({{IPA|es|ˈdoɲa|lang}}), '''''donna''''' ({{IPA|it|ˈdɔnna|lang}}), and '''''dona''''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈdonɐ|lang}}), abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D." In formal settings, it is a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, knights, dames, and church hierarchs. Informally, it is sometimes used as a mark of esteem for a person of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long standing, or a person of significant wealth. Like the British ''Sir'', It is used with, and not instead of, a person's name.
*In Portugal and Brazil, {{lang|pt|[[Don (honorific)#Portuguese-speaking lands|Dom]]}} ({{IPA|pt|ˈdõ|pron}}) is used for certain [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|hierarchs]] of the Roman Catholic Church and for [[laity|laymen]] who belong to the royal and imperial families (for example, the [[House of Aviz]] in Portugal and the [[House of Braganza]] in Portugal and Brazil).<ref>{{cite book |editor=Angus Stevenson|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=Sixth|volume=1, A – M|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=737}}</ref> It was also accorded to members of families of the titled [[Portuguese nobility]].<ref name="cedre">{{cite journal | title=Le Royaume de Portugal - Empire du Brésil | author=Tourtchine, Jean-Fred | journal=Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes (CEDRE) |date=September 1987 | volume=III | pages=103 | issn=0764-4426}}</ref> Unless ennobling [[letters patent]] specifically authorised its use, {{lang|pt|Dom}} was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility. Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to [[primogeniture]], the right to the style of {{lang|pt|Dom}} was the only apparent distinction between [[cadet (genealogy)|cadet]]s of titled families and members of untitled noble families.<ref name="cedre"/>
* Most High, Mighty, and Illustrious Prince – for royal dukes, oral address Your Royal Highness.
* [[Son of Heaven]] – Used by Chinese and some Japanese emperors.
* [[High King]]
* [[Great King]]
* [[King of Kings]] – Used by especially Semitic, Persian and some Indian rulers.
* "Taewang" "Greatest of Kings" – was used by the later rulers of the Korean kingdom of [[Koguryo]].
* [[Lord of the Isles]] – Used by an [[heir apparent]] of the [[British monarchy]].
* [[High Steward of Scotland]] – Used by an [[heir apparent]] of the [[British monarchy]].
* [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]] (abbreviation CTHM) ({{langx|ar|خادم الحرمين الشريفين}} {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn}}), sometimes translated as Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a [[Royal and noble styles|royal style]] that has been used by many Islamic rulers including the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Mamluk Sultans of Egypt]], the [[Ottoman Sultans]], and the modern [[King of Saudi Arabia|Saudi kings]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Paul|title=Life and legacy of King Fahd|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4734505.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=6 April 2011|date=1 August 2005}}</ref> The title refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest [[mosques]] in [[Islam]], [[Al-Masjid al-Haram]] (the Sacred Mosque) in [[Mecca]] and [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] (the Prophet's Mosque) in [[Medina]].<ref name=bbc /><ref name=emjap>{{cite web|title=Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz|url=http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120070401/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm|archive-date=20 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Saudi Arabia]], it is used as the official title of the king, in place of "His Majesty".
*[[Amīr al-Mu'minīn]] ({{langx|ar|أمير المؤمنين}}), usually translated Commander of the Faithful or Leader of the Faithful, is the Arabic style of some [[Caliphate|Caliph]]s and other independent sovereign [[Muslim]] rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders. The use of the title does not necessarily signify a claim to caliphate as it is usually taken to be, but described a certain form of activist leadership which may have been attached to a caliph but also could signify a level of authority beneath that. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made scant use of it. Moreover, the term was used by men who made no claim to be caliphs.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Pennell|first1=Richard|title=What is the significance of the title 'Amīr al-mu'minīn?'|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|date=11 March 2016|volume=21|issue=4|pages=623–644|doi=10.1080/13629387.2016.1157482|s2cid=148543546 }}</ref> Used by the former leader of [[ISIS]] [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], the Ahmadiyya Muslim leader [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]],<ref name="Valentine 208">{{cite book | last= Valentine | first=Simon Ross | page= 208|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice |date=2008 |publisher=Hurst & Company |location=London |isbn=9781850659167}}</ref> the [[King of Morocco]], the [[Sultan of Sokoto]], and the supreme leaders of the Afghan [[Taliban]].
*Kabiyesi (variously translated as His or Her Royal Majesty, His or Her Royal Highness or His or Her Highness, lit. ''The One whose words are beyond question'') – Used by the [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]]s of [[Yorubaland]], other aboriginal [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] high chiefs of royal background, and their counterparts in the tribe's diaspora communities.

=====Styles and titles of deposed monarchs=====

General tradition indicates that monarchs who have ceased to reign but not renounced their hereditary titles, retain the use of their style and title for the duration of their lifetimes, but both die with them. Hence, prior to his death, Greece's deposed king was still styled ''His Majesty [[Constantine II of Greece|King Constantine II]]'', as a ''personal'' title, not as occupant of a constitutional office, since the abolition of the monarchy by the Hellenic Republic in 1974. Similarly, until his death, the last King of Italy, [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]], was widely referred to as ''King Umberto II'' and sometimes addressed as ''Your Majesty''. In contrast, [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon of Bulgaria]] who, subsequent to the loss of his throne in 1947, was elected to and held the premiership of his former realm as "Simeon Sakskoburggotski", and therefore is as often referred to by the latter name as by his former royal title and style.

While this rule is generally observed, and indeed some exiled monarchs are allowed diplomatic passports by their former realm, other republics officially object to the use of such titles which are, nonetheless, generally accorded by extant monarchical regimes. In 1981, the then Greek President [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]] declined to attend the wedding of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] when it was revealed that Greece's deposed monarch, a cousin of the Prince, had been referred to as "King" in his invitation. The current Hellenic Republic challenged King Constantine's right to use his title, and his passport was revoked in 1994, because he did not use a surname, as his passport at the time stated "Constantine, former King of the Hellenes". However, Constantine II later travelled in and out of Greece on a [[Danish passport|Danish diplomatic passport]] as a descendant of [[Christian IX of Denmark]], by the name ''Constantino de Grecia'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Constantine of Greece").

====Republics====

*His/Her [[Excellency]] (abbreviation ''HE'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – [[President (government title)|President]]s of republics (historically, this was first used to refer to George Washington during his tenure as Commander-in-Chief of the Army during the American War of Independence; its use for presidents of republics was established as he was the first president of the first modern republic). In some countries also the prime minister, ministers, governors, ambassadors and [[high commissioner]]s also use this style.
*The [[President of the United States]] is properly directly addressed as "Mr./Madam President" and introduced as "The President of the United States"; however, His/Her/Your Excellency may properly be used in written communications and is sometimes used in official documents.
*The custom in [[France]] is to call office holders acting within their official capacity {{lang|fr|M. (Monsieur)}} or {{lang|fr|[[Mme.]] (Madame)}} followed by the name of their offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARIE ANTOINETTE, By Campan |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3891/3891-h/3891-h.htm |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babel {{!}} Doing business in France |url=https://www.babelgroup.co.uk/resources/doing-business-in/doing-business-in-france/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.babelgroup.co.uk}}</ref> Thus, the President of the Republic is called {{lang|fr|M. le président}} or {{lang|fr|M. le président de la République}} if a male, and {{lang|fr|Mme...}} if a female. Styles such as "excellency" or similar are not used, except for talking about foreign dignitaries. Traditionally after "Madame", the name of the office is not put into the feminine form, but this is becoming less common (hence, "Madame le président" is being replaced by "Madame la présidente").
*In [[Italy]], members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) of the [[Parliament of Italy]] are styled ''Honourable'' ({{langx|it|Onorevole}}, abbreviation {{lang|it|On.}}). The correct form to address a member of the upper house (Senate) is ''Senator'' ({{langx|it|Senatore}}, abbreviation {{lang|it|Sen.}}; even though, for gravitas, they may also be addressed ''Honourable Senator'').
*The incumbent president of Finland is addressed {{lang|fi|Herra/Rouva Tasavallan Presidentti}} (Mr./Ms. President of the Republic), while a former president is addressed as just {{lang|fi|Herra/Rouva Presidentti}}.
*The style used for the [[President of Ireland]] is normally His Excellency/Her Excellency ({{langx|ga|A Shoilse/A Soilse}}); sometimes people may orally address the President as 'Your Excellency' ({{langx|ga|A Shoilse}} [ə ˈhəʎʃə]), or simply 'President' ({{langx|ga|A Uachtaráin}} [ə ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnˠ] (vocative case)).
* During the [[Republic of the United Netherlands]], the [[States General of the Netherlands|States-General]] were collectively addressed as "Their High and Mighty Lords" ({{langx|nl|Hoogmogende Heren}}).
* The Honourable – Presidents, prime ministers, ministers, governors, members of parliament, senate and congress in some countries. (Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka.)