Editing Stuart Restoration (section)

==England and Wales==
===Commonwealth regicides and rebels===
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[[File:Major-General Thomas Harrison (General) in Cromwell's Army (2).jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Harrison (soldier)|Thomas Harrison]], the first person found guilty of regicide during the Restoration]]
The [[Indemnity and Oblivion Act]], which became law on 29 August 1660, pardoned all past treason against the crown, but specifically excluded [[List of regicides of Charles I|those involved in the trial and execution of Charles I]]. Thirty-one of the [[List of regicides of Charles I#Commissioners|59 commissioners]] (judges) who had signed the death warrant in 1649 were living. The regicides were hunted down; some escaped but most were found and put on trial. Three escaped to the American colonies. [[New Haven, Connecticut]], secretly harboured Edward Whalley, William Goffe and John Dixwell, and after American independence named streets after them to honour them as forefathers of the American Revolution.{{sfn|Weight|Haggith|2014|pp=18–21}}

In the ensuing trials, twelve were condemned to death. The [[Fifth Monarchists|Fifth Monarchist]] [[Thomas Harrison (soldier)|Thomas Harrison]], the first person found guilty of regicide, who had been the seventeenth of the 59 commissioners to sign the death warrant, was the first regicide to be [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] because he was considered by the new government still to represent a real threat to the re-established order. In October 1660, at [[Charing Cross]] or [[Tyburn]], London, ten were publicly hanged, drawn and quartered: Thomas Harrison, [[John Jones Maesygarnedd|John Jones]], [[Adrian Scrope]], [[John Carew (regicide)|John Carew]], [[Thomas Scot]], and [[Gregory Clement]], who had signed the king's death warrant; the preacher [[Hugh Peters]]; [[Francis Hacker]] and [[Daniel Axtell]], who commanded the guards at the king's trial and execution; and [[John Cooke (prosecutor)|John Cooke]], the solicitor who directed the prosecution.  The 10 judges who were on the panel but did not sign the death warrant were also convicted.{{sfn|McIntosh|1982|pp=195–216}}

[[Oliver Cromwell]], [[Henry Ireton]], Judge [[Thomas Pride]], and Judge [[John Bradshaw (judge)|John Bradshaw]] were posthumously [[Attainder|attainted]] for high treason. Because Parliament is a court, the highest in the land, a [[bill of attainder]] is a legislative act declaring a person guilty of treason or felony, in contrast to the regular judicial process of trial and conviction. In January 1661, the corpses of Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw were exhumed and hanged in chains at [[Tyburn, London|Tyburn]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dakers |first=Caroline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OFaDwAAQBAJ&dq=In+January+1661,+the+corpses+of+Cromwell,+Ireton+and+Bradshaw+were+exhumed+and+hanged+in+chains+at+Tyburn.&pg=PA240 |title=Fonthill Recovered: A Cultural History |date=2018 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-78735-047-2 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1661 [[John Okey]], one of the regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I, was brought back from Holland along with [[Miles Corbet]], friend and lawyer to Cromwell, and [[John Barkstead]], former constable of the [[Tower of London]]. They were all imprisoned in the Tower. From there they were taken to Tyburn and hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662. A further 19 regicides were imprisoned for life.

[[John Lambert (General)|John Lambert]] was not in London for the trial of Charles I. At the Restoration, he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody in [[Guernsey]] for the rest of his life. [[Henry Vane the Younger]] served on the [[Council of State (England)|Council of State]] during the [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]] even though he refused to take the oath which expressed approbation (approval) of the King's execution. At the Restoration, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662 he was tried for high treason, found guilty and beheaded on [[Tower Hill, London|Tower Hill]] on 14 June 1662.

===Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles===
{{Further|Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate}}

The [[Instrument of Government]], [[The Protectorate]]'s written constitutions, gave to the [[Lord Protector (Cromwell)|Lord Protector]] the King's power to grant titles of honour. Over 30 new [[knighthood]]s were granted under the Protectorate. These knighthoods [[Indemnity and Oblivion Act|passed into oblivion]] upon the Restoration of Charles II, but many were regranted by the restored King.

Of the eleven Protectorate [[baronet]]cies, two had been previously granted by Charles I during the Civil War, but under [[Commonwealth (England)|Commonwealth]] legislation they were not recognised under the Protectorate (hence the Lord Protector's regranting of them). When that legislation passed into oblivion these two baronets were entitled to use the baronetcies granted by Charles I, and Charles II regranted four more. Only one now continues: [[Williams-Bulkeley Baronets|Richard Thomas Willy]], 14th baronet, is the direct successor of Griffith Williams. Of the remaining Protectorate baronets one, [[William Ellis (solicitor-general)|William Ellis]], was granted a knighthood by Charles II.

[[Edmund Dunch, Baron Burnell of East Wittenham|Edmund Dunch]] was created [[Baron]] Burnell of East Wittenham in April 1658, but this barony was not regranted. The male line failed in 1719 with the death of his grandson, also [[Edmund Dunch (Whig)|Edmund Dunch]], so no one can lay claim to the title.

The one hereditary [[viscount]]cy Cromwell created for certain,{{efn|Cromwell had intended to make [[Bulstrode Whitelocke]] a viscount, but it is not clear if he so before he died.}} (making [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle|Charles Howard]] Viscount Howard of Morpeth and Baron Gilsland) continues to this day. In April 1661, Howard was created [[Earl of Carlisle]], Viscount Howard of Morpeth, and Baron Dacre of Gillesland. The present Earl is a direct descendant of this Cromwellian creation and Restoration recreation.

===Venner rebellion (1661)===
On 6 January 1661, about 50 [[Fifth Monarchists]], headed by a wine-cooper named [[Thomas Venner]], tried to gain possession of London in the name of "King Jesus".  Most were either killed or taken prisoner; on 19 and 21 January 1661, Venner and 10 others were hanged, drawn and quartered for high [[treason]].

===Church of England settlement===
The [[Church of England]] was restored as the national Church in England, backed by the [[Clarendon Code]] and the [[Act of Uniformity 1662]]. People reportedly "pranced around [[May poles]] as a way of taunting the Presbyterians and Independents" and "burned copies of the [[Solemn League and Covenant]]".{{Sfn|Harris|2005|pp=52–53}}