Editing Stephen Báthory (section)

==Establishing power==
[[File:Poland Seal of Stephen Báthory.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Seal of King and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory, circa 1576–1586]]
[[File:Blessed sword of Stephen Bathory.jpg|thumb|upright|Blade of the [[Blessed sword and hat|blessed sword]] received by Stephen Báthory in 1580 from [[Pope Gregory XIII]] for his struggles against Turks and Tatars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Besala |first=Jerzy |title=Stefan Batory |year=1992 |pages=295–296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrus |first=Jerzy T. |date=1977 |title=Miecze poświęcane królewicza Władysława Zygmunta i króla Jana III |trans-title=Blessed swords of Prince Władysław Zygmunt and King Jan III. |journal=Biuletyn Historii Sztuki |volume=39 |pages=157}}</ref> It was deposited in the royal treasury in [[Kraków]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrus |first=Jerzy T. |date=1977 |title=Miecze poświęcane królewicza Władysława Zygmunta i króla Jana III |trans-title=Blessed swords of Prince Władysław Zygmunt and King Jan III. |journal=Biuletyn Historii Sztuki |volume=39 |pages=157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Żygulski |first=Zdzisław |date=1978 |title=Miecz i kapelusz poświęcany króla Jana III Sobieskiego |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/sdw1978/0343/image,info |journal=Studia do Dziejów Wawelu |volume=4 |pages=356}}</ref>]]
Báthory's position was at first extremely difficult, as there was still some opposition to his election. Emperor Maximilian, insisting on his earlier election, fostered internal opposition and prepared to enforce his claim by military action.<ref name="psb118" /> At first the representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refused to recognize Báthory as a grand duke, and demanded concessions - that he return the estates of his wife Anne to the Lithuanian treasury, hold Sejm conventions in both Lithuania and Poland, and reserve the highest governmental official offices in Lithuania for Lithuanians. He accepted the conditions.<ref name="Greenbaum1995">{{cite book|author=Masha Greenbaum|title=The Jews of Lithuania: a history of a remarkable community, 1316-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2_ag8xGWMQC&pg=PA22|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|isbn=978-965-229-132-5|page=22}}</ref> In June, Báthory was recognized as [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duke of Lithuania]].{{efn|The lands and territories he ruled were usually named one after another in written sources: ''Stephanus Dei gratia rex Poloniae et magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Kiioviae, Voliniae, Podlachiae, Livoniaeque, necnon. princeps Transylvaniae.'' in [[Latin]].}}<ref name="psb117" /><ref name="psb118" /> On 29 May 1580, a ceremony was held in the [[Vilnius Cathedral]] during which bishop [[Merkelis Giedraitis]] presented Báthory a [[Blessed sword and hat|decorated sword and a hat adorned with pearl]]s (both were sanctified by [[Pope Gregory XIII]] himself), while this ceremony manifested the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and had the meaning of [[Gediminas%27 Cap#Inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs|elevation of the new Grand Duke of Lithuania]], this way ignoring the stipulations of the [[Union of Lublin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vavelio pilies lobyne – ir Lietuvos, Valdovų rūmų istorija |url=https://www.valdovurumai.lt/lt/naujienos/i/2680/vavelio-pilies-lobyne-ir-valdovu-rumu-istorija20220721/ |website=Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bues |first1=Almut |title=The year-book of Lithuanian history |date=2005 |page=9 |url=https://www.istorija.lt/data/public/uploads/2021/02/lim-2003-2-1-a.-bues-politine-ceremonialo-paskirtis-elekcineje-monarchijoje-p.-5-20.pdf |publisher=Lithuanian Institute of History |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stryjkowski |first1=Maciej |title=Kronika polska, litewska, żmódzka i wszystkiéj Rusi Macieja Stryjkowskiego. T. 2. |date=1846 |location=Warsaw |page=432 |url=https://polona.pl/preview/e45e12f2-4de5-4c17-b150-d7704ac29662 |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ragauskienė |first1=Raimonda |last2=Ragauskas |first2=Aivas |last3=Bulla |first3=Noémi Erzsébet |title=Tolimos bet artimos: Lietuvos ir Vengrijos istoriniai ryšiai |date=2018 |page=67 |url=https://www.flf.vu.lt/dokumentai/TOLIMOS_BET_ARTIMOS_LIETUVOS_IR_VENGRIJOS_ISTORINIAI_RY%C5%A0IAI_LIT_2019.12.pdf |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}</ref> The Báthory's ceremony of 29 May 1580 coincided with the nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (e.g. [[Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł]], [[Eustachy Wołłowicz]], [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]], [[Konstanty Ostrogski]]) initial demands before the Union of Lubin to have a separate declaration act of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Vilnius.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jasas |first1=Rimantas |title=Liublino unija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/liublino-unija/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=8 November 2023 |language=lt}}</ref>

With Lithuania secure, the other major region refusing to recognize his election was [[Prussia]].<ref name=psb118/> Maximilian's sudden death improved Báthory's situation, but the city of [[Danzig]] (Gdańsk) still refused to recognize his election without significant concessions.<ref name=psb118/> The [[Hanseatic League]] city, bolstered by its immense wealth, fortifications, and the secret support of Maximilian, had supported the Emperor's election and decided not to recognize Báthory as the legitimate ruler. The resulting conflict was known as the [[Danzig rebellion]]. Most armed opposition collapsed when the prolonged [[Siege of Danzig (1577)|Siege of Danzig]] by Báthory's forces was lifted as an agreement was reached.<ref name=psb118/><ref name="psb119"/> The Danzig army was utterly defeated in a field battle on 17 April 1577.<ref name="Jabłonka2007"/> However, since Báthory's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached.<ref name="Jabłonka2007"/><ref name="Stone2001-123"/> In exchange for some of Danzig's demands being favorably reviewed, the city recognised Báthory as ruler of Poland and paid the sum of 200,000 [[zloty]]s in gold as compensation.<ref name=psb119/><ref name="Stone2001-123"/> Tying up the administration of the Commonwealth's northern provinces, in February 1578 he acknowledged [[George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|George Frederick]] as the ruler of [[Duchy of Prussia]], receiving his feudal tribute.<ref name=psb119/>