Editing Squatting (section)

=== Africa ===
[[File:No Forvced Removals.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] protest in [[Durban]]]]
In African countries such as [[Squatting in Nigeria|Nigeria]], informal settlements are created by migration from rural areas to urban areas. Reasons for squatting include the lack of low cost housing, unemployment and inability to access loans.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite journal |last1=Ebekozien |first1=Andrew |last2=Abdul-Aziz |first2=Abdul-Rashid |last3=Jaafar |first3=Mastura |title=Low-cost housing policies and squatters struggles in Nigeria: the Nigerian perspective on possible solutions |journal=International Journal of Construction Management |date=9 April 2019 |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1088–1098 |doi=10.1080/15623599.2019.1602586|s2cid=159289078 }}</ref> In 1995, almost 70% of the population of the Nigerian capital [[Lagos]] were living in slums.<ref name="WorldBank">{{cite news |title=Implementation Completion and Results Report (IDA-42190) on a Credit in the Amount of SDR 138.10 Million (USD200.00 Million Equivalent) to the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/872021468290442515/pdf/ICR29680P071340IC0disclosed04040140.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=World Bank Report ICR00002968 |date=2014 |page=1 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152909/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/872021468290442515/pdf/ICR29680P071340IC0disclosed04040140.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[City of the Dead (slum)|City of the Dead]] slum is a well-known squatter community in [[Cairo]], Egypt.<ref name="Cairo">{{cite book |last=Sims |first=David |title=Understanding Cairo: The logic of a city out of control |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo |date=2010 |isbn=978-9774164040}}</ref> Between 1955 and 1975, the Cairo authorities built 39,000 public housing apartments but 2 million people moved there, mostly ending up in [[informal housing]]. In [[Alexandria]], Egypt's second city, public housing was only 0.5% of the total housing stock, whereas informal housing was 68%.<ref name="Hardoy">{{cite book |last1=Hardoy |first1=Jorge Enrique |last2=Satterthwaite |first2=David |title=Squatter citizen: Life in the urban third world |publisher=Earthscan |location=London |date=1989 |isbn=978-1-85383-020-4}}</ref>{{rp|108}} An estimated 3,500 people live in the [[Grande Hotel Beira]] in [[Mozambique]].<ref name="GHB">{{cite news |title=In pictures: The squatters of Mozambique's Grande Hotel |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36092920 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC News |date=21 April 2016 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003030419/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36092920 |archive-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Informal settlements in [[Zambia]], particularly around [[Lusaka]], are known as [[komboni]]s.<ref name="Komboni">{{cite book |last=Myers |first=Garth |title=Urban Environments in Africa: A Critical Analysis of Environmental Politics |publisher=Policy Press |year= 2016 |isbn=978-1-4473-2292-4}}</ref> As of 2011, 64% of Zambians lived below the [[poverty line]], whilst the [[United Nations]] predicted a 941% population increase by 2100.<ref name="Growth">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Georgina |title=Population growth in Zambia: A view from the slums |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/24/population-growth-zambia-slums |work=The Guardian |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024331/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/24/population-growth-zambia-slums |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pop2100">{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=Simon |title=World population by country: UN guesses the shape of the world by 2100 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/06/world-population-country-un |work=The Guardian |date=6 May 2011 |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015934/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/06/world-population-country-un |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:The swimming pool area of the former Ducor Palace Hotel in Monrovia, Liberia.jpg|Derelict swimming pool at the [[Ducor Hotel]] (Liberia)|alt=Abandoned porn|thumb|right]]

In [[Squatting in Liberia|Liberia]], squatting is one of three ways to access land, the other being ownership by deed or customary ownership.<ref name="ESD">{{cite journal |last1=Alfaro |first1=Jose F. |last2=Jones |first2=Brieland |title=Social and environmental impacts of charcoal production in Liberia: Evidence from the field |journal=Energy for Sustainable Development |date=2018 |volume=47 |pages=124–132 |doi=10.1016/j.esd.2018.09.004|bibcode=2018ESusD..47..124A |s2cid=158551971 }}</ref> [[West Point, Monrovia|West Point]] was founded in [[Monrovia]] in the 1950s and is estimated to house between 29,500 and 75,000 people.<ref name="HABITAT-Lib">{{cite book |last1=Tipple |first1=Graham |title=Liberia: Housing profile |date=2014 |publisher=UN-Habitat |location=Nairobi, Kenya |isbn=978-92-1-132626-0 |url=http://www.iut.nu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Liberian-Housing-Profile.pdf |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213057/http://www.iut.nu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Liberian-Housing-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[First Liberian Civil War]] 1989–1997 and the [[Second Liberian Civil War]] 1999–2003, many people in Liberia were displaced and some ended up squatting in Monrovia.<ref name="NRC">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Rhodri C. |title=Durable Solutions and Development-Induced Displacement in Monrovia, Liberia |date=2011 |publisher=Norwegian Refugee Council |url=https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/durable-solutions-and-development-induced-displacement-in-monrovia-liberia.pdf |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417225425/https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/durable-solutions-and-development-induced-displacement-in-monrovia-liberia.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ducor Hotel]] fell into disrepair and was squatted, before being evicted in 2007.<ref name="EvictionDucor">{{cite web |last1=Minister of Information |title=President Sirleaf Directs Justice Minister to Evict Squatters from Ducor |url=http://www.micat.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=24 |access-date=17 April 2021 |date=3 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503162356/http://www.micat.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=24 |archive-date=2007-05-03 }}</ref> Recently, over 9,000 [[Burkina Faso|Burkinabés]] were squatting on remote land and the Liberia Land Authority (LLA) has announced it will be titling all land in the country.<ref name="Burkinabes">{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=J. Burgess |title=More than 9,000 Burkinabes Illegally Squatting in Grand Gedeh |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/more-than-9k-burkinabes-illegally-occupying-land-in-grand-gedeh/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Daily Observer |date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213057/https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/more-than-9k-burkinabes-illegally-occupying-land-in-grand-gedeh/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FPA">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Obediah |title=Government of Liberia Launches Processes Leading to Digitization And Systematic Land Titling |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/government-of-liberia-launches-processes-leading-to-digitization-and-systematic-land-titling/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Front Page Africa |date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210951/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/government-of-liberia-launches-processes-leading-to-digitization-and-systematic-land-titling/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[South Africa]], squatters tend to live in informal settlements or squatter camps on the outskirts of the larger cities, often but not always near [[township (South Africa)|townships]]. In the mid-1990s, an estimated 7.7 million South Africans lived in informal settlements: a fifth of the country's population.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Saff |first=Grant |title=Claiming a Space in a Changing South Africa: The 'Squatters' of Marconi Beam, Cape Town |journal=[[Annals of the Association of American Geographers]] |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=235–255 |date=1996 |issn=0004-5608 |jstor=2564004 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01752.x}}</ref> The figure was estimated to be 15 million in 2004.<ref name="Empowering" /> In [[Cape Town]] and [[Durban]], there have been sustained conflict between the city council and a shack dwellers' movement known as [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]]. The organisation has represented the squatters in land occupations such as the [[Macassar Village land occupation|Macassar Village]] in 2009 and the [[Marikana land occupation (Cape Town)|Cape Town]] and [[Marikana land occupation (Durban)|Durban]] Marikana land occupations in 2013 (both named after the [[Marikana massacre]]).<ref name="CT-Marikana">{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Caroline |title=South Africa's poor resist home attacks |url=https://www.redpepper.org.uk/south-africas-poor-resist-home-attacks/ |access-date=17 December 2020 |work=Red Pepper |date=10 May 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217145349/https://www.redpepper.org.uk/south-africas-poor-resist-home-attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It also successfully challenged the [[KZN Slums Act]], which sought to mandate the eviction of slums but was eventually declared unconstitutional.<ref name="Selmeczi">{{cite journal |last1=Selmeczi |first1=Anna |title='From shack to the Constitutional Court'The litigious disruption of governing global cities |journal=Utrecht Law Review |date=14 April 2011 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.18352/ulr.162|doi-access=free }}</ref>

There have been a number of similar conflicts between shack dwellers, some linked with the [[Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign]], and the city council in [[Cape Town]]. One of the most high-profile cases was the eviction of squatters in the [[N2 Gateway]] homes in the suburb of [[Delft, Cape Town|Delft]], where over 20 residents were shot, including a three-year-old child. There have been numerous complaints about the legality of the government's actions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/?p=489|title=No compassion for people who do not drive a Porsche?|publisher=Constitutionally Speaking|access-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714105841/http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/?p=489|archive-date=2012-07-14|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the families then squatted on [[Symphony Way]], a main road in the township of Delft, before being forced to move to a camp called [[Blikkiesdorp]].<ref name="Lali">{{cite news |last1=Lali |first1=Vincent |title=Blikkiesdorp residents frustrated by housing delays |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/blikkiesdorp-residents-frustrated-housing-delays/ |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=Ground Up |date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430210539/https://www.groundup.org.za/article/blikkiesdorp-residents-frustrated-housing-delays/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Squatting in Sudan]] is defined as the "acquisition and construction of land, within the city boundaries for the purpose of housing in contradiction to Urban Planning and Land laws and building regulations."<ref name="Gamie">{{cite web |last1=Gamie |first1=Sumaia Omer Moh. |title=Tackling Squatter Settlements in Sudanese Cities (SSISC) |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/12679gamie.pdf |website=High Level Symposium on Sustainable Cities |publisher=United Nations |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318021646/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/12679gamie.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These informal settlements arose in [[Khartoum]] from the 1920s onwards, swelling in the 1960s. By the 1980s, the government was clearing settlements in Khartoum and regularizing them elsewhere. It was estimated that in 2015 that were 200,000 squatters in Khartoum, 180,000 in [[Nyala, Sudan|Nyala]], 60,000 in [[Kassala]], 70,000 in [[Port Sudan]] and 170,000 in [[Wad Madani]].<ref name="Gamie" />

Land squats occurred in what would become [[Zimbabwe]] in the 1970s and were routinely evicted. Only [[Epworth, Zimbabwe|Epworth]] persisted on account of its size (around 50,000 people).<ref name="AF">{{cite journal |last1=Mpofu |first1=Busani |title=Perpetual 'Outcasts'? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe |journal=Afrika Focus |date=14 September 2012 |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.21825/af.v25i2.4946|doi-access=free }}</ref> After Zimbabwe was created in 1980, peasant farmers and squatters disputed the distribution of land. Informal settlements have developed on the periphery of cities such as [[Chitungwiza]] and the capital [[Harare]].<ref name="SM">{{cite news |last1=Matabvu |first1=Debra |last2=Agere |first2=Harmony |title=Squatters: Housing shortages or lawlessness? |url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/squatters-housing-shortages-or-lawlessness |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=The Sunday Mail |date=11 January 2015 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108064116/http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/squatters-housing-shortages-or-lawlessness/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, [[Operation Murambatsvina]] ("Operation Drive Out Filth") organised by President [[Robert Mugabe]] evicted an estimated 700,000 people and affected over two million people.<ref name="Zim">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe: Mugabe's clean-up victims flock back to squatter camps – Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-mugabes-clean-victims-flock-back-squatter-camps |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=Zim Online |date=21 September 2005 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317212532/https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-mugabes-clean-victims-flock-back-squatter-camps |url-status=live }}</ref>