Editing Speech disorder (section)

==Causes==
In some cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impairments, such as [[hearing loss]], [[neurological disorder]]s, [[Traumatic brain injury|brain injury]], an increase in mental strain, constant bullying, [[intellectual disability]], [[substance use disorder]], physical impairments such as [[cleft lip and palate]], and vocal abuse or misuse.<ref name="ref1">"Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)." National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140545/http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}</ref> After strokes, there is known to be a higher incidence of [[apraxia of speech]], which is a disorder affecting neurological pathways involved with speech.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Basilakos |first=Alexandra |date=2018-02-22 |title=Contemporary Approaches to the Management of Post-stroke Apraxia of Speech |journal=Seminars in Speech and Language |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=025–036 |doi=10.1055/s-0037-1608853 |issn=0734-0478 |pmc=5834303 |pmid=29359303}}</ref> Poor motor function is also suggested to be highly associated with speech disorders, especially in children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Roger J. |title=Causes and Associations of Severe and Persistent Specific Speech and Language Disorders in Children |date=2008-11-12 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14811.x |journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=943–962 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14811.x|pmid=1720749 |s2cid=7412606 }}</ref> Hereditary causes have also been suggested, as many times children of individuals with speech disorders will develop them as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Changsoo |last2=Drayna |first2=Dennis |date=2011-09-22 |title=Genetics of Speech and Language Disorders |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-genom-090810-183119 |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-090810-183119 |pmid=21663442 |issn=1527-8204}}</ref> 20-40% individuals with a family history of a specific language impairment are likely to be diagnosed, whereas only 4% of the population overall is likely to be diagnosed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Naseem |last2=Benasich |first2=April Ann |date=2003-04-21 |title=A Family Aggregation Study: The Influence of Family History and Other Risk Factors on Language Development |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=261–272 |doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2003/021) |pmid=14700370 |pmc=1569819 |issn=1092-4388}}</ref> There are also language disorders that are known to be genetic, such as hereditary ataxia, which can cause slow and unclear speech.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vogel |first1=Adam P |last2=Folker |first2=Joanne |last3=Poole |first3=Matthew L |date=2014-10-28 |editor-last=Cochrane Neuromuscular Group |title=Treatment for speech disorder in Friedreich ataxia and other hereditary ataxia syndromes |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=10 |pages=CD008953 |language=en |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008953.pub2|pmid=25348587 |pmc=11214034 }}</ref>