Editing Sorbs (section)

===Early Middle Ages===
{{main|Sorbs (tribe)}}

[[File:BOGUSŁAWSKI(1861) Das Siedlungsgebiet der Sorben vom 7. bis 11. Jahrhundert in Mitteldeutschland.jpg|thumb|right|A map of the Sorbian-Lusatian tribes between the 7th and 11th century, by Wilhelm Bogusławski, 1861]]

The name of the Sorbs can be traced to the 6th century or earlier when [[Vibius Sequester]] recorded ''Cervetiis''  living on the other part of the river [[Elbe]] which divided them from the [[Suevi]] (''Albis Germaniae Suevos a Cerveciis dividiit'').<ref name="Simek1955">{{cite book|last=Simek|first=Emanuel|title=Chebsko V Staré Dobe: Dnesní Nejzápadnejsi Slovanské Území|url=https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/handle/11222.digilib/103713|year=1955|publisher=Vydává Masarykova Universita v Brne|language=cs|pages=47, 269|quote=O Srbech máme zachován první historický záznam ze VI. století u Vibia Sequestra, který praví, že Labe dělí v GermaniinSrby od Suevů65. Tím ovšem nemusí být řečeno, že v končinách severně od českých hor nemohli býti Srbové již i za Labem (západně od Labe), neboť nevíme, koho Vibius Sequester svými Suevy mínil. Ať již tomu bylo jakkoli, víme bezpečně ze zpráv kroniky Fredegarovy, že Srbové měli celou oblast mezi Labem a Sálou osídlenu již delší dobu před založením říše Samovy66, tedy nejméně již v druhé polovici VI. století67. Jejich kníže Drevan se osvobodil od nadvlády francké a připojil se někdy kolem roku 630 se svou državou k říši Samově68. V následujících letech podnikali Srbové opětovně vpády přes Sálu do Durinska 69... 67 Schwarz, ON 48, dospěl k závěru, že se země mezi Labem a Sálou stala srbskou asi r. 595 a kolem roku 600 že bylo slovanské stěhování do končin západně od Labe určitě již skončeno; R. Fischer, GSl V. 58, Heimatbildung XVIII. 298, ON Falk. 59, NK 69 datuje příchod Slovanů na Chebsko do druhé polovice VI. století, G. Fischer(ová), Flurnamen 218, do VI. století. Chebský historik Sieg1 dospěl v posledním svém souhrnném díle o dějinách Chebska Eger u. Egerland 4 k závěru, že Slované (myslil na Srby) přišli do Chebska již kolem roku 490, tedy před koncem V. století.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sułowski |first=Zygmunt |date=1961 |title=Migracja Słowian na zachód w pierwszym tysiącleciu n. e. |url=http://bazhum.pl/bib/article/273968/ |language=pl |journal=Roczniki Historyczne |volume=27 |pages=50–52 |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Tyszkiewicz1990">{{cite book|last=Tyszkiewicz|first=Lech A.|title=Słowianie w historiografii antycznej do połowy VI wieku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZQTAQAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego|language=pl|isbn=978-83-229-0421-3|page=124|quote=...Germaniae Suevos a Cervetiis dividit mergitur in oceanum”. Według Szafarzyka, który odrzucił emendację Oberlina Cervetiis na Cheruscis, zagadkowy lud Cervetti to nikt inny, jak tylko Serbowie połabscy.}}</ref><ref name="Dulinicz2001">{{cite book|last=Dulinicz|first=Marek|title=Kształtowanie się Słowiańszczyzny Północno-Zachodniej: studium archeologiczne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akYjAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk|language=pl|isbn=978-83-85463-89-4|page=17}}</ref><ref name="Moczulski2007">{{cite book|last=Moczulski|first=Leszek|author-link=Leszek Moczulski|title=Narodziny Międzymorza: ukształtowanie ojczyzn, powstanie państw oraz układy geopolityczne wschodniej części Europy w późnej starożytności i we wczesnym średniowieczu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FY_u2_TUiFoC|year=2007|publisher=Bellona|language=pl|pages=335–336|quote=Tak jest ze wzmianką Vibiusa Sequestra, pisarza z przełomu IV—V w., którą niektórzy badacze uznali za najwcześniejszą informację o Słowianach na Polabiu: Albis Germaniae Suevon a Cervetiis dividit (Vibii Sequestris, De fluminibus, fontibus, lacubus, memoribus, paludibus, montibus, gentibus, per litteras, wyd. Al. Riese, Geographi latini minores, Heilbronn 1878). Jeśli początek nazwy Cerve-tiis odpowiadał Serbe — chodziło o Serbów, jeśli Cherue — byli to Cheruskowie, choć nie można wykluczyć, że pod tą nazwą kryje się jeszcze inny lud (por. G. Labuda, Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej, t. 1, Poznań 1960, s. 91; H. Lowmiański, Początki Polski..., t. II, Warszawa 1964, s. 296; J. Strzelczyk, Vibius Sequester [w:] Slownik Starożytności Słowiańskich, t. VI, Wroclaw 1977, s. 414). Pierwsza ewentualność sygeruje, że zachodnia eks-pansja Słowian rozpoczęta się kilka pokoleń wcześniej niż się obecnie przypuszcza, druga —że rozgraniczenie pomiędzy Cheruskami a Swebami (Gotonami przez Labę względnie Semnonami przez Soławę) uksztaltowało się — być może po klęsce Marboda — dalej na południowy wschód, niżby wynikało z Germanii Tacyta (patrz wyżej). Tyle tylko, że nie będzie to sytuacja z IV w. Istnienie styku serbsko-turyńskiego w początkach VII w. potwierdza Kronika Fredegara (Chronicarum quae dicuntw; Fredegari scholastici, wyd. B., Krusch, Monu-menta Gennaniae Bisiorka, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, t. II, Hannover 1888, s. 130); bylby on jednak późniejszy niż styk Franków ze Slowianami (Sldawami, Winklami) w Alpach i na osi Dunaju. Tyle tylko, te o takim styku możemy mówić dopiero w końcu VI w.}}</ref> According to [[Lubor Niederle]], the Serbian district was located somewhere between [[Magdeburg]] and [[Lusatia]], and was later mentioned by the [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonians]] as ''Ciervisti'',  ''Zerbisti'', and ''Kirvisti''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fomina |first=Z.Ye. |date=2016 |title=Славянская топонимия в современной Германии в лингвокультуроло-гическоми лингво-историческом аспек |trans-title=Slavonic Toponymy in Linguoculturological and Linguo-historical Aspects in Germany |url=https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25957680 |language=ru |journal=Современные лингвистические и методико-дидактические исследования |volume=1 |issue=12 |page=30 |quote=Как следует из многотомного издания „Славянские древности“ (1953) известного чешского ученого Любора Нидерле, первым историческим известием о славянах на Эльбе является запись Вибия Секвестра «De fluminibus» (VI век), в которой об Эльбе говорится: «Albis Suevos a Cervetiis dividit». Cervetii означает здесь наименованиесербскогоокруга (pagus) на правом берегу Эльбы, между Магдебургом и Лужицами, который в позднейших грамотах Оттона I, Оттона II и Генриха II упоминается под терминомCiervisti,  Zerbisti, Kirvisti,нынешний Цербст[8]. В тот период, как пишет Любор Нидерле, а именно в 782 году, началось большое, имевшее мировое значение, наступление германцев против сла-вян. ПерейдяЭльбу, славяне представляли большую опасность для империи Карла Вели-кого. Для того, чтобы создать какой-то порядок на востоке, Карл Великий в 805 году соз-дал так называемый limes Sorabicus, который должен был стать границей экономических (торговых) связеймежду германцами и славянами[8].|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> The information is in accordance with the Frankish 7th-century ''[[Chronicle of Fredegar]]'' according to which the ''Surbi'' lived in the [[Saale]]-[[Elbe]] valley, [[Migration Period|having settled]] in the Thuringian part of [[Francia]] since the second half of the 6th century or beginning of the 7th century and were vassals of the [[Merovingian dynasty]].<ref name="Simek1955"/><ref name="LaetHerrmann1996">{{cite book|author1=Sigfried J. de Laet|author2=Joachim Herrmann|title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA284|date=1 January 1996|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-102812-0|pages=282–284}}</ref><ref name="Stone2015">{{cite book|author=Gerald Stone|title=Slav Outposts in Central European History: The Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABsmCwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-9211-8|page=6}}</ref> 

The Saale-Elbe line marked the approximate limit of Slavic westward migration.{{sfn|Vlasto|1970|p=142}} Under the leadership of ''dux'' (duke) [[Dervan (duke)|Dervan]] ("Dervanus dux gente Surbiorum que ex genere Sclavinorum"), they joined the Slavic [[Samo's Empire|tribal union]] of [[Samo]], after Samo's decisive victory against Frankish King [[Dagobert I]] in 631.<ref name="LaetHerrmann1996"/><ref name="Stone2015"/> Afterwards, these Slavic tribes continuously raided [[Duchy of Thuringia|Thuringia]].<ref name="LaetHerrmann1996"/> The fate of the tribes after Samo's death and dissolution of the union in 658 is undetermined, but it is considered that they subsequently returned to Frankish vassalage.<ref name="Pronk-Tiethoff2013">{{cite book|author=Saskia Pronk-Tiethoff|title=The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWLAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-94-012-0984-7|pages=68–69}}</ref> 

According to a 10th-century source {{lang|la|[[De Administrando Imperio]]}}, they lived "since the beginning" in the region called by them as ''[[White Serbia|Boiki]]'' which was a neighbor to Francia, and when two brothers succeeded their father, one of them migrated with half of the people to the [[Balkans]] during the rule of [[Heraclius]] in the first half of the 7th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|year=2002|title=Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу (600-1025)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oE-gAAAAMAAJ|location=Belgrade|publisher=Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts|page=198|isbn=9788677430276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|title=De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=The Institute of History|url=https://www.academia.edu/1231887|pages=152–185}}</ref> According to some scholars, the [[unnamed 7th-century Serbian ruler]] who led the White Serbs to the Balkans was most likely a son, brother or other relative of Dervan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sava S. Vujić, Bogdan M. Basarić|title=Severni Srbi (ne)zaboravljeni narod|location=Beograd|year=1998|page=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Miloš S. Milojević|title=Odlomci Istorije Srba i srpskih jugoslavenskih zemalja u Turskoj i Austriji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuxEAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA59|year=1872|publisher=U državnoj štampariji|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Relja Novaković|title=Odakle su Sebl dos̆il na Balkansko poluostrvo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5K0BAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Istorijski institut|page=337}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kardaras|first=Georgios|title=Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th Century AD: political, diplomatic and cultural relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IN1DwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-38226-8 |editor=Florin Curta |editor2=Dušan Zupka|page=95}}</ref>

[[File:Dervan.png|thumb|left|7th-century Sorbian Duchy of [[Dervan (duke)|Dervan]]]]
[[File:Marchia Wschodnia ok. 1000.svg|thumb|left|[[Saxon Eastern March]] c. 1000 AD]]
Sorbian tribes, Sorbi/Surbi, are noted in the mid-9th-century work of the [[Bavarian Geographer]].<ref name="Łuczyński">{{cite journal |last=Łuczyński |first=Michal |date=2017 |title="Geograf Bawarski" — nowe odczytania |trans-title="Bavarian Geographer" — New readings |url=https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/show-content/publication/edition/64469?id=64469 |language=pl |journal=Polonica |volume=XXXVII (37) |page=73 |doi=10.17651/POLON.37.9 |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>V. von Keltsch, ''Der bairische Geograph'', Alpreussische Monatsschr., 23 (1886),</ref><ref>Gerhard Billig, ''Zur Rekonstruktion der ältesten slawischen Burgbezirke im obersächsisch-meißnischen Raum auf der Grundlage des Bayerischen Geographen'', Neues Archiv für sächsische Geschichte 66 (1995), s. 27-67</ref> Having settled by the Elbe, Saale, Spree, and Neisse in the 6th and early 7th century, Sorbian tribes divided into two main groups, which have taken their names from the characteristics of the area where they had settled. The two groups were separated from each other by a wide and uninhabited forest range, one around Upper Spree and the rest between the Elbe and Saale.<ref name="Sedov">{{cite book |first=Valentin Vasilyevich |last=Sedov |year=2013 |orig-year=1995 |title=Славяне в раннем Средневековье |trans-title=Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Akademska knjiga |location=Novi Sad |isbn=978-86-6263-026-1 |pages=191–205}}</ref> Some scholars consider that the contemporary Sorbs are descendants of the two largest Sorbian tribes, the [[Milceni]] (Upper) and {{ill|Lusici (tribe){{!}}Lusici|de|Lusitzi|v=sup}} (Lower), and these tribes' respective dialects have developed into separate languages.{{sfn|Stone|2015|p=9}}<ref name="Sandford2013">{{cite book|author=John Sandford|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuMsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA412|date=3 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81603-1|page=412}}</ref> However, others emphasize differences between these two dialects and that their respective territories correspond to two different Slavic archeological cultures of [[Leipzig group]] ([[Upper Sorbian language]]) and [[Tornow group]] ceramics ([[Lower Sorbian language]]),<ref name="Sedov"/> both a derivation of [[Prague-Korchak culture|Prague(-Korchak) culture]].<ref>Paul M. Barford (2001). ''The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe''. Cornell University Press. pp. 64–65, 77–78, 104–105. ISBN 9780801439773</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00112980|doi = 10.1017/S0003598X00112980|title = The beginnings of Slavic settlement east of the river Elbe|year = 2004|last1 = Brather|first1 = Sebastian|journal = Antiquity|volume = 78|issue = 300|pages = 314–329| s2cid=163828473 }}</ref>

[[File:Raddusch 07-2017 img01.jpg|thumb|The reconstructed Lusatian ''[[gord (archaeology)|gord]]'' (fortification) of Raduš (Raddusch), near [[Vetschau]], in [[Lower Lusatia]]]]
The ''Annales Regni Francorum'' state that in 806 Sorbian Duke [[Miliduch]] fought against the Franks and was killed. In 840, Sorbian Duke [[Czimislav]] was killed. From the 9th century was organized [[Sorbian March]] by the [[East Francia]] and from the 10th century the [[Saxon Eastern March]] ([[Margravate of Meissen]]) and [[March of Lusatia]] by the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In 932, the German king [[Henry I the Fowler|Henry I]] conquered [[Lusatia]] and [[Upper Lusatia|Milsko]]. [[Gero]], [[Margrave]] of the Saxon Eastern March, reconquered Lusatia the following year and, in 939, murdered 30 Sorbian princes during a feast.<ref>*{{cite journal |last=Pech |first=Edmund |date=2015 |title=Milzener, Lusizer und Glomaci-Daleminzer Kontroversen zur frühen Geschichte der Sorben |trans-title=Milceni, Luzici and Glomaci-Daleminci. Controversies concerning the early History of the Sorbs |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=296311 |journal=LĚTOPIS. Zeitschrift für sorbische Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur. Časopis za rěč, stawizny a kulturu Łužiskich Serbow |issue=2 |pages=129}}</ref> As a result, there were many Sorbian uprisings against German rule. A reconstructed castle, at Raddusch in Lower Lusatia, is the sole physical remnant from this early period.